Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

1308 WATER REUSE

TABLE 1

Type of Reuse Applications

Urban public access

(unrestricted)

Parks, playgrounds, schools, residences, toilet flushing, air

conditioning, fire protection, construction, fountains, and ponds

Urban public access

(controlled)

Golf courses, cemeteries, and highway medians

Agriculture

(food crops)

Irrigation needs of food crops the type of reuse water is further

classified as food crops consumed raw or processed

Agriculture

(nonfood crops)

Irrigation needs for crops used as fodder, fiber and seed crops,

pastureland, commercial nurseries, and sod farms

Recreation (no restriction) Recreational activities with no imposed restriction on body contact

Recreation

(restricted)

Noncontact recreational activities such as fishing and boating

Environmental uses Creating wetlands, enhancing natural wetlands, and maintaining or

supplementing stream flows

Industrial uses Cooling system makeup and washdown

Groundwater recharge Infiltration basins, percolation ponds, and injection wells for

aquifer recharge

Indirect potable reuse Discharge of highly treated reclaimed water into surface well or

groundwater for potable water use

TABLE 2

Component Tap Water, mg/l Secondary Effluent, mg/l

BOD 2 20

COD 2 100

Alkylbenzenesulfonates (ABS) 0.4 6.8

Cations

Na
 50 125

K
 313

NH 4 
 0.1 16

Ca

 42 60

Mg

 16 19

Anions

Cl 66 143

NO 2  0.15 1.5

NO 3  512

HCO 3  198 296

CO 3  0.1 1.0

SO 4  56 84

SiO 2  29 43

PO 4  8.1 25

Hardness (as CaCO 3 ) 158 235

Alkalinity 164 242

Total dissolved solids 382 700

pH 8.0 7.4

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