Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

Normal ground level

12 " min

Lock bolt or bolt poured

in place with concrete

Sanitary pump with closed

top and one-piece or

threaded base and stand

Drain excess

water 25' away

Screen

Gasket

Manhole

24 " clear

Mastic Pipe sleeve extended

1 " above gasket

Weep hole

Drop pipe

Pump rod

6“

Pipe poured in place

below frost

Slope up to shallow well

pump in basement

Clay soil backfill

tamped and puddled

Watertight concrete to a

depth of at least 10’

Temporary sheeting

withdrawn

Dry stone wall

Foot valve and strainer

Water-bearing

stratum

(sand)

Hardpan,

clay, etc.

Top soil

Leather

and

plunger

Check

valve

Working

cylinder

Strainer

Reinforced concrete ¼"

rods 6" o.c. both ways or

4 "  4 " mesh, No. 6 wires

2 " 4 " 6 "8¼"

FIGURE 4 A properly developed dug well. Reprinted, with permission, from Environmental

Sanitation, Joseph A. Salvato, Jr., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., copyright, 1958.

Water Use

The quantity of water used for domestic purposes will, in

general, vary directly with the availability of the water, the

habits of the people, the number and type of plumbing fi x-

tures provided, the water pressure, the air temperature, the

newness of a community, the type of establishments, and

other factors. Wherever possible, the actual water consump-

tion under existing or similar circumstances and the number

of persons served should be the basis for the design of a water

and sewerage system. Special adjustment must be made for

industrial use. Municipal water consumption varies widely

dependent on location, industrial usage, metering, size, eco-

nomic, social and other factors. An average is 155 gpcd.

Table 4 gives estimates of water consumption at differ-

ent types of places. Additions should be made for car wash-

ing, lawn sprinkling, and miscellaneous uses. If provision

is made for fi refi ghting requirements, then the quantity of

water provided for this purpose to meet fi re underwriters’

standards will be in addition to that required for normal

domestic needs in small communities.

Sources of Water

The sources of water supply are divided into two major clas-

sifi cations; namely, ground water and surface water. To these

should be added for completeness rain water and demineral-

ized water. Ground water supply sources include dug, bored,

driven, and drilled wells; rock and sand or earth springs,

and infi ltration galleries. Figure 4 shows details of well and

spring construction and sanitary protection. Standards for well

construction are given in AWWA Standard for Deep Wells,

AWWA A 100–66 published by the American Water Works

Association and in Recommended State Legislation and

Regulations, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,

Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., July 1965. Surface

water supply sources include lakes, reservoirs, streams, ponds,

rivers, and creeks. The development of surface water supplies

is covered in standard sanitary engineering texts and state

publications.

Note: 1. Springs should be located at least 100 ft and

preferably 200 ft from privies, cesspools, barnyards, leaching

pits, tile fi elds, etc. Springs should not be located downgrade

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