Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

508 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

Liquid

Fertilizer

Production

Lake

Tissθ

Fish

Farming

Farms

Yeast

slurry

Sludge

(treated)

Novo Nordisky/

Novozymes A/S

Pharmaceuticals

Recovered nickel

and yanadium

Cement

roads

A-S Soilrem

Water Fly ash

Water

Water

Sulfur

Heat

Steam

HotWater

Sludge

SteamBoilerwaterWastewaterCoolingwater

Heat

Scrubber

Sludge

Gas (back up)

Organicresidues

District Heating

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

Municipality of

Kalundborg

Gyproc

Nordic East

Wall-board

Plant

Statoil

Refinery

Energy E2 Power

Station

FIGURE 3 Industrial symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark. From Chertow, 2000b; updated by

M. Chertow.

<100

100–279

280–794

795–2239

2240–6499

>6500

System Boundary (Closed System): “STAF World”

Environment

Old Scrap 2,084

Landfilled

Waste,

Dissipated

1,775

Waste

Management

Discards

Stock Stock 3,859

Use

7,718

11,585 11,577

688

Products

New Scrap 579

1,396

Production:

Milk, Smelter

Refinery

250

200

Reworked

Tailings

Tailings,

Slag

1,550

10,710

Ore

Base Year: 1994 Unit: Gg = 1,000,000 kg Cu/yr

Fabrication &

Manufacturing

Cathode

Lith. –10,710 +2,925

FIGURE 4 Global anthropogenic copper cycle in 1994. From Graedel et al., 2004.

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