MARINE SPILLAGE—SOURCES AND HAZARDS 683
c) Enhanced navigation systems—Long term objec-
tives include the integration of satellite and terres-
trial navigational aids, electronic updating of charts,
and automatic position plotting. Safety objectives
include installation of grounding and collision
avoidance systems and “dead man” alarms. Problem
areas to be addressed include international standard-
ization of data format and transfer, and barriers to
electronic data transfer inherent in chart copyright
status. Research and development is required in all
areas noted above, to attain a “user friendly” state of
development and to reach the degree of reliability
necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements.Detailed discussions of potential improvements to tank
vessel design, construction and operation are included in
Reference (13).REFERENCES- Taggart, “ Ship Design and Construction ”, The Society of Naval Archi-
tects and Marine Engineers, 1980. - Dillon, Hoffman and Roseman, “Forty Years of Ship Designs Under
the Merchant Marine Act, 19361976”, Transactions, The Society of
Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1976. - National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, “Evaluation
of the Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of Chemicals—A Tentative
Guide,” report to the U.S. Coast Guard, 1970.
4. “Chemical Data Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water”, U.S. Coast
Guard, CG-388.
5. Chang, et al., “A Rational Method for the Prediction of Structural
Response Due to the Collision of Ships”, Transactions, The Society of
Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1980.
6. Reckling, “Overall Structural Response of a Ship Struck in a Collision”,
Transactions, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Spring
Meeting/STAR Symposium, 1980.
7. Poudret, et al., “Grounding of a Membrane Tanker—Correlation Between
Damage Predictions and Observations”, Transactions, Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers. Symposium on Extreme Loads
Response, October 1981.
8. Poudret, “Collisions and Groundings—Practical Analysis Methods”,
Arctic Section, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.,
March 1982.
9. Wierzbicki, Shin and Rady, “Damage Estimates in High Energy
Grounding of Ships”, presentation to Committee on Alternatives for
Tank Vessel Design, National Research Council, 25 March, 1990.
10. Laredo, Beghin and Garguet, “Design of the First Generation of
550,000 DWT Tankers”, Transactions, The Society of Naval Architects
and Marine Engineers, 1977.
11. Long, Stevens and Tompkins, “Modern High Speed Tankers”, Trans-
actions, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,
1960.
12. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, Conference Report to accompany
H.R. 1465.
13. Tanker Spills: Prevention by Design, Committee on Tank Vessel
Design, Marine Board, National Research Council; National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C., 1991.
DONALD P. ROSEMAN
David Taylor Research CenterC013_003_r03.indd 683C013_003_r03.indd 683 11/18/2005 10:41:04 AM11/18/2005 10:41:04 AM