MODELING OF ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY 725
and the socio-political-legal aspects (the interrelatedness of
social desires and political decisions and the lack of ade-
quate pollution control laws).
For each of the uses listed in Table 6, a list of physical,
chemical and/or biological properties or constituents may be
compiled. This list would indicate the levels of the proper-
ties or constituents which have to be provided or cannot be
exceeded if that use is to be sustained. These constituent lists
have changed as they have been found to be unimportant
or found to be needed, and as the levels have changed new
knowledge has been gained about how the levels more spe-
cifically affect the desired use. The extension of water quality
criteria to toxic materials in recent years (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 1976, 1986) indicates how emphasis has
shifted from one set of criteria for which waste discharge
problems have been solved essentially to another set which
is comprised of substances of major concern today.
Unfortunately at this time, very little is known about the
bases for many levels set. For example, good epidemio-
logical evidence relating fecal or total coliform organism
concentrations in swimming areas to disease is still lacking.A larger gap, however, is the criteria list for the fish and wild-
life of estuaries and the organisms they feed on. For these
organisms the best information available pertains to tem-
perature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity. Beyond these
criteria, the levels set for other materials such as toxic sub-
stances are being developed (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency 1986).
The reader may obtain more specific information about
water quality in general and estuarine water quality in partic-
ular by referring to the bibliography references and to other
related material. Of special interest might be the reports
of studies on major estuaries such as San Francisco Bay,
Galveston Bay, Delaware Bay, and Jamaica Bay. The studies
include not only the theory of water quality but the practical
techniques for and applications of its management.REFERENCES- Characterization and treatment of combined sewer outflows, report
to Federal Water Pollution Control Admin. by City of San Francisco.
Prepared by Engineering-Science, Inc., November, 1967. - Feigner, K.D. and H.S. Harris, “Documentation Report—FWQA
Dynamic Estuary Model,” U.S. Department of the Interior, FWQA,
1970. - Fischer, H.B. Transport Models for Inland and Coastal Waters, Aca-
demic Press, 1971. - Fischer, H.B., E.J. List, R.C.Y. Koh, J. Imberger, and N.H. Brooks,
Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters, Academic Press, 1979. - Fruh, E.G., in Advances in Water Quality Improvement, Eds. E.F.
Gloyna and W.W. Eckenfelder, Jr., Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, 1968. - Geyer, R.A., in The Biological Significance of Estuaries, Sport Fishing
Institute, March, 1971. - Leendertse, J.J., RM-6230-RC, The Rand Corporation, February,
1970. - Leendertse, J.J., Rand Corp. Publication RM-6230-RC, Febr. 1970.
- Leendertse, J.J. and E.C. Gritton, The New York City Rand Institute,
R-708/6-RC, July 1971. - Leendertse, J.J. and S-K. Liu, A Three Dimensional Model for Estuar-
ies and Coastal Seas: Vol. II, Aspects of Computation, R-1764-OWRT,
The Rand Corporation, June 1975. - Liu, S-K. and J.J. Leendertse, Modeling the Alaskan Continental Shelf
Waters, R-3567-NOAA/RC, October 1987. - Malina, J.F., Jr., Report No. CRWR 69, Center for Research in Water
Resources, University of Texas, October, 1970. - Masch, F.D. and R.J. Brandes, Tech. Rept. HYD 12-7102, Hydraulic
Engineering Laboratory, University of Texas, August 1971. - McHugh, J.L., in A Symposium on Estuarine Fisheries, Special Publ.
No. 3, 133154. Amer. Fish. Soc., Wash., D.C., 1966. - McHugh, 1967, in Estuaries, Pub. No. 83, AAAS, 1967.
- National Estuarine Pollution Study, U.S. Gov’t. Printing Office, 1971.
- O’Connor, D.J. and R.V. Thomann, in Estuarine Modeling: An Assessment,
Environmental Protection Agency, Project 16070 DZV, February, 1971. - Oey, L-Y., A three-dimensional simulation of the Hudson-Raritan
estuary, J. Phy. Ocean. 15(12), 1985. - Pritchard, D.R., in Estuaries, Pub. No. 83, AAAS, 1967.
- Russell, J.J., in Estuaries, Pub. No. 83, AAAS, 1967.
- San Francisco Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Program, final report
to the State of California by Kaiser Engineers and Associated Firms,
March 1969. - Stroud, R.H., in The Biological Significance of Estuaries, Sport Fishing
Institute, March, 1971. - Thomann, R.V. and J. Mueller, Principles of Surface Water Quality
Modeling and Control, Harper & Row, 1987. - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Quality Criteria for Water, 1976.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Quality Criteria for Water,
1986.
TABLE 6
Beneficial uses to be protected in San Francisco BayMunicipal Supply (seasonal)
Industrial Supply
Boiler
Cooling
Rinsing
Processing
Agricultural Supply (some seasonal)
Irrigation
Liverstock
Fish and Wildlife Propogation and Aquatic Growth
Fish habitat, migration, spawning
Shrimp and crab habitat
Shellfish habitat
Waterfowl habitat
Mammal rookery
Kelp
Comercial Fishing and Shellfishing
Recreation
Swimming, waterskiing, skindiving, picnicking
Surface, beachcombing, sunbathing
Pleasure boating
Fishing
Shellfishing
Hunting
Enjoyment of Esthetic Values
Tidepool and Marine Life Study
Navigation
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