Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

830 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

certain mathematical manipulations. A comprehensive sum-

mary of various distribution functions is given by Orr.^39 The

most useful function in emission applications seems to be the

long-normal distribution. Commercial graph paper is avail-

able having one logarithmic scale and one cumulative normal

probability scale. If particle size is plotted vs. cumulative

percentage of sample at or below that size, the log-normal

distribution gives a straight line. A large percentage of emis-

sions and ambient particulate distributions have log-normal

distributions, and plotting on log-probability paper usually

facilitates interpolation and extrapolation even when the line

is not quite straight. For a true log-normal distribution very

simple relationships permits easy conversion between distri-

butions based on number, weight, surface area, and so on,

which are covered in Orr.^39 Relationships between weight

and number distribution are shown in Figure 12.

REFERENCES

1. Stern, A.C. 1977, Air Pollution Standards, 5 , Chapter 13 in Air Pollu-
   tion, 3rd Edition, Ed. by A.C. Stern, Academic Press, New York.


2. Greenwood, D.R., G.L. Kingsbury, and J.G. Cleland, “A Handbook of
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   Triangle Institute, Research Triangle N.C. 1979.


3. National Center for Air Pollution Control (1968), A Compilation of
   Selected Air Pollution Emission Control Regulations and Ordinance,
   Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-43. Washington.


4. National Research Council ad hoc Committee (vol. 1, 1998, vol.
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   tion Circular 7718, revised by L.R. Burdick, August, 1955.
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   13. Conner, W.D. and J.R. Hodkinson (1967), Optical Properties and Visual
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   18. Air Pollution Control Association Directory and Resource Book pp
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   19. Code of Federal Regulations 40:CFR 86.004–11. US Government
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   21. Code of Federal Regulations 40:CFR 92.8, US Government Printing
   Office, Washington 7/1/2004.

Geometric Mean

(Count Basis) And

Number-Median

Diameter

Geometric Mean

(Mass Basis)

And Mass-Median

Diameter

dgm

dgc

110100

99

98

95

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

2

1

LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

PARTICLE DIAMETER, MICRONS

(LOGARITHMIC SCALE)

(NORMAL PROBABILITY SCALE)

PERCENT UNDERSIZE

log = 6.91log

84.13

d 50

d

d gm

dgc

=

2

( ( σ

σ

Number Distributio

n

Mass Distribution

FIGURE 12

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