42 Yoga anatomY
Axial extension, Bandhas, and mahamudra
The fifth spinal movement, axial extension, is defined as a simultaneous reduction of both
the primary and secondary curves of the spine (see figure 2.36). In other words, the cervi-
cal, thoracic, and lumbar curves are all reduced, and the result is that the overall length of
the spine is increased.
Because the primary and secondary curves have a reciprocal relationship, which is
expressed in the natural movements of flexion and extension, axial extension is “unnatural”
in the sense that it bypasses this reciprocal relationship by reducing all three curves at once.
In other words, axial extension generally doesn’t happen all on its own; it usually requires
conscious effort and training to accomplish.
The action that produces axial extension involves a shift in the tone and orientation of
the breathing structures known as the bandhas. The three diaphragms (pelvic, respiratory,
and vocal) and their surrounding musculature become more sthira (stable). As a result,
the shape-changing ability of the thoracic and abdominal cavities is more limited in axial
extension. The overall effect is a reduction of breath volume but an increase in length. The
overall yogic term that describes this state of the spine and breath is mahamudra, or great
seal, which always involves axial extension and the bandhas. It is possible to do mahamudra
from many positions, including seated, standing, supine, and in arm support.
Figure 2.36 Axial extension involves a simultaneous reduction of E5267/Kaminoff/fig2.32/417607/alw/pulled-r2(a) the primary and secondary
curves, which (b) lengthens the spinal column beyond its neutral alignment.
a b