INDEX 385guild system, 223-224
inflation, 225, 226
losses of territory, 292-293
massacre of Armenians, 290, 293-294
princes/succession, 227-228
revenue decline, 222
speed of, 220-221
Sultan's harem and, 226-228
Tanzimat (reorganization measures),
286-287
trade/raw materials and, 223, 224
Vienna and, 221-222, 223
vizier's power, 228
World War I and, 293-295,
296(fig.), 297, 297(fig.), 298-299Pact of Medina, 22-23, 26
Pahlavi. See Reza Shah Pahlavi
Pakistan birth, 261, 279, 318-319
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO), 330, 332, 344
Palestinian-Israeli conflict
1948 war, 323-324
Arab refugees (Palestinians), 324,
330,344
following World War II, 313-314,
320
fourth war (Yom Kippur), 341
Jewish terrorism, 321-322
Jews move to Palestine, 284-285,
320-321
otherArabsand,322-323,328
partition, 322-323, 323(fig.)
public relations, 324
Six Day War/consequences, 328,
329-333
terrorism, 321-322, 332
See also Israel; Zionism
Pan-Arab nationalism, 313, 326,
327-328
See also Arab nationalism
Pan-Islamism
Jamaluddin, xvii, 265, 267, 309,
327
Muslim Brotherhood, 309
Paper invention, 88
Parthians, 11-13
Pasha, Talaat!Enver/Djemal, 293, 294,
299
Pasteur, Louis, 211
Peace of Augsburg (1555), 212
Perlman, S. J., 309
Persian Empire
history, 7-13
peak of, 188-189
Persian language, 77, 124, 194
Persian viziers, 122-123
Persian Wars, 1 0
Persians
description, 80, 84
qanats, 154
Umayyad Empire and, 80, 81, 82,
83, 84, 85(fig.)
See also Safavids of Persia
Peter the Great, 236
Peter the Hermit, 138
Phillip II, France, 147
Philosophers of Islam
overview, 99-1 06
science vs. theology, 1 02-1 06,
110-113, 114
scientific foundations, 101-102,
211-212
studying other philosophies, 99-102,
110-111
universe schema, 100-101
Plato, 100, 101, 204
Plotinus, 99-100
Polo, Marco, 130, 200
Prayer (Muslims), 91, 92, 196, 275
See also Salaat (namaz)
Prostitution, 50