Introduction to Human Nutrition

336 Introduction to Human Nutrition

Table 14.4

Food-borne trematode infections

Parasite

Distribution

Principal reservoirs (other than humans)

Food involved in transmission to humans

Disease

Liver fl

ukes

Clonorchis sinensis

Widespread in China, Taiwan,

Macao, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Migrants to other countries found to be infected; cases in Hawaii attributed to consumption of fi sh imported from China

Dogs, cats, and many other

species of fi sh-eating mammals

Many species (c. 110) of freshwater

fi sh, mainly Cyprinidae, e.g., carp, roach and dace, most important being

Pseudorasbora parva

.

Metacercariae in fi sh muscles

The liver fl ukes,

Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineu

s

and

Clonorchis sinensis

, are biologically

similar, food-borne trematodes that chronically infect the bile ducts and, more rarely, the pancreatic duct and gallbladder of humans and other mammals

Opisthorchis felineus

Commonwealth of Independent

States (CIS), eastern and central Europe

Cats, dogs, and other

mammals that eat fi sh or fi sh waste

Freshwater fi sh of family Cyprinidae.

Metacercariae in muscle and subcutaneous tissue

Opisthorchis

viverrini

Laos and north-eastern Thailand

(Mekong River basin)

Dogs, cats, fi shing cats

(Felis viverrina

), and

other mammals that feed on fi sh and fi sh waste

Some 10 species of freshwater fi sh

including

Puntius orphoides

and

Hampala dispar

Metacercariae in fi sh muscles

Faciola hepatica

Europe, the Middle East, the Far East,

Africa, Australia, USA

Sheep, cattle

Infl ammation of the bile ducts which eventually

leads to fi brosis

Intestinal fl

ukes

Heterophyes

heterophyes

Mediterranean basin, especially Egypt

and eastern Asia

Dogs, cats, jackals, foxes,

pelicans, hawks, and black kite

Brackish water and freshwater fi sh,

especially mullet (

Mugil

spp.),

Tilapia

, and others. In Japan,

species of fi sh genera Acanthogobius

and

Glossogobius

also involved. Metacercariae in muscle and skin

The parasite can irritate the lining of the small

intestine, resulting in diarrhea and abdominal pain. In some instances the lining of the small intestine breaks down, and the eggs produced by the parasite enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream the eggs can be carried to other organs where they can cause signifi cant pathology, especially in the liver, heart, and brain

Metagonimus

yokogawai

and

related species

Eastern and southern Asia

Dogs, cats, pigs, and fi sh-

eating birds

Freshwater fi sh, e.g., sweetfi sh

(Plecoglossus altivelis

), dace

(Tribolodon hakonensis

), trout, and

whitebait. Metacercariae in gills, fi n, or tail

Similar to

Heterophyes heterophyes