chapter 35
...................................................................................................................................................POLITICAL
SECULARISM
...................................................................................................................................................rajeev bhargava
Secularism is a beleaguered doctrine. The predicted decline of religion or its
privatization has failed to occur, in non-Western and Western societies alike
(Casanova 1994 ). And political secularism, the doctrine of the separation of
state and religion, felt a seismic tremor with the establishment of theWrst
modern theocracy in Iran. Soon other religious voices began aggressively to
occupy the public domain. In Egypt, people were exhorted to free themselves
of the last vestiges of a colonial past and to establish a Muslim state. In 1989 ,
an Islamic state was established in Sudan. In 1991 , the Islamic Salvation Front
won the election in Algeria. Islamic movements emerged in Tunisia, Ethiopia,
Nigeria, Chad, Senegal, Turkey, and Afghanistan (Westerlund 1996 ; Kepel
1994 ). The states of Pakistan and Bangladesh increasingly acquired theocratic
and Islamicist overtones (Ahmed 1987 ; Mohsin 1999 ).
Movements that challenged the seemingly undisputed reign of secularism
were not restricted to Muslim societies. Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism in Sri
Lanka, Hindu nationalists in India, religious ultra-orthodoxy in Israel, and
Sikh nationalists demanding a separate state—partly on the ground that
Sikhism does not recognize the separation of religion and state—all signaled
a deep challenge to secularism (Juergensmeyer 1994 ). Strong anti-Muslim and