300 Index
Hudaybiyyah, Treaty of, 104–5
human rights, 263–64
Huntington, Samuel, 79
Husayn ibn Ali (Muhammad’s grandson): as
Caliph, 176; death of, 172, 178, 190; as
Imam, 184; and Iranian Revolution of
1979, 188; as Mahdi, 185; martyrdom
of, 41, 179, 180–81, 188, 190; and
Mu‘awiyah, 176; and revolt against
Uthman, 128; as revolutionary, 179;
and Shi‘ites, 179, 181; tomb of, 244;
Yazid’s conflict with, 171–73, 176–78
Hussein, Saddam, 190, 247, 252–53
Ibn Abi Du’ad, 141, 142
Ibn al-Hanafiyyah, Muhammad, 177,
185–86
Ibn Anas, Malik, 144
Ibn Asad, Ka’b, 90
Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 141, 152–53, 158, 166
Ibn Haritha, 16
Ibn Hazm, 158
Ibn Hisham, 13–14, 15, 33, 35, 36–37, 38,
42, 56
Ibn Ishaq, 15, 25
Ibn Jubayr, 148
Ibn Junayd, 204
Ibn Khaldun, 186
Ibn Kullab, 158
Ibn Maja, 69
Ibn Mansur al-Hallaj, Husayn, 163, 164,
204–6, 212–13
Ibn Mu‘adh, Sa‘d, 92
Ibn Muljam, Abd al Rahman Ibn ’Amr, 135
Ibn Rushd, 153
Ibn Saud, Muhammad, 240–41, 243–44
Ibn Sayyad, 98
Ibn Shaprut, Hasdai, 95
Ibn Sina, 155
Ibn Taymiyya, 85
identity: Muslim, 80, 132; tribal, 46
ijma ( juridical consensus), 164–65, 167, 232,
258
ijtihad (independent reasoning), 165, 169,
184–85, 232
Ikhwan warriors, 247
Imams, 136, 181–84, 190, 191, 192, 200,
215, 242, 244. See also specific person
imperialism, 219, 225, 227, 231, 233, 237,
251, 255
India: colonialism in, 218–19, 220–28, 255,
256; democracy in, 262; expansion of
Islam in, 66, 263; Hindu Awakening in,
262; independence in, 255; partition-
ing of, 255, 256; pluralism in, 262;
Sepoy Mutiny in, 220–28, 255; and
successors to Muhammad, 137; Sufism
in, 202, 210, 217–18, 219; Sunnis in,
165–66; Taliban in, 219
Indonesia, 255, 260
inheritance laws, 61–62, 163
Inquisition, Muslim, 95, 137, 140–42, 143,
158
International Women’s Day (1998), 72
Iqbal, Muhammad, 219
Iran: amnesty to expatriates in, 250–51;
Aslan’s trip to, 249–51; ayatollahs in,
185, 191–92; democracy in, 139, 188;
and diversity within Islam, 257; egali-
tarianism in, 251; expansion of Islam
to, 263; Faqih in, 260; Iraq’s war with,
86, 190, 252–53; and Islamic Reforma-
tion, 249–54, 257, 260, 261, 265;
Islamic Republic of, 170, 189, 251–52,
265; and jihad, 86; and Medina as
archetype, 53; Modernism in, 236;
Revolution of 1905 in, 189, 252, 254;
Revolution of 1953 in, 188, 189, 254;
Revolution of 1979 in, 86, 139, 185,
187–88, 189–90, 251–52, 254; as secu-
lar nation, 261; Shah of, 187, 189–90,
251, 252; and Shariah, 166; and Shi‘atu
Ali, 174; Shi‘ites in, 170, 251; and suc-
cessors to Muhammad, 137; Umar’s
defeat of, 122; and U.S., 252–53;
women in, 72, 74. See also Khomeini,
Ruhollah; Sasanian Empire
Iraq, 86, 126, 129, 176, 185, 190, 234, 245,
252–53, 255, 256
Isaac, 4, 117, 182
Isaiah, 103
Islam: as alternative to Judaism, 96; anti-
Jewish sentiments in, 92; and building
of cohesive religious system, 110–11;
as civilization, 230; as communal reli-
gion, 200, 264; conflicts/diversity
within, 114–15, 131, 136–37, 257, 266;
contemporary portrayals of, 78–79;
emergence of, 5, 27–28, 58; enemies
of, 108; evolution of, 81–82, 110–11,
248, 266; first civil war in, 131; Golden
Era of, 114–15; historical evidence
about, 27–28; mission and principles
of, 43; origins and birth of, 17–18,
52–53, 79–80; as orthopraxic religion,
144; as religion of diversity, 263; reli-
gious pluralism in, 262–63; as revolu-
tionary experiment, 74; spread of, 46,
52–53, 66–71, 80, 82, 110, 131, 159,
164, 175, 263; stereotypes of, 78–79;