115who are killing or subjugating their “Muslim bro-
th ers and sisters”; and groups like the Islamic State
and al- Qaeda are enacting very literal (and there-
fore plausible) interpretations of Islamic doctrine.
Needless to say, there is also the vexing prob lem of
collateral damage, which inevitably produces ene-
mies, for reasons that are perfectly understandable.
In light of this, I’m wondering what you recom-
mend we do to contain and (hopefully) eradicate
the growing phenomenon of global jihad, and to
marginalize Islamists and conservatives po liti cally
and culturally. No doubt we should seek to partner
with Muslim states wherever possi ble when taking
military action. But in cases where no partners are
available, how should we proceed?Nawaz I appreciate your recognition that your
wording has often contributed to this “clash of civi-
lizations” narrative. It is the nature of many people
that they tend to hear only what they already ex-
pect to hear from any given speaker. They cease
listening to the words of the speaker and instead
react to what they have been expecting the speaker
to say. This happens to me all the time, and I be-
lieve this has happened to you a few times too. In
your defense, this is not always avoidable, but we
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