Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING

NOTES

1. See Stern (1979:77–81) and Beck (1983) on biased
   samples.


2. Babbie (1998:196), Kalton (1983:91–93), and Sud-
   man (1976a:191–200) discuss quota sampling.


3. For a discussion of the Literary Digestsampling error,
   see Babbie (1998:192–194), Dillman (1978:9–10), Frey
   (1983:18–19), and Singleton and colleagues (1988:
   132–133).


4. See Traugott (1987) on the importance of persistence
   in reaching sampled respondents for a representative
   sample. Also see Kalton (1983:63–69) on the importance
   of nonresponse.


5. Only one name appears in both. The stratified sample
   has six males and four females; the simple random
   sample has five males and five females. (Complete the
   lower block of numbers and then begin at the far right of
   the top block.)


6. Stratified sampling techniques are discussed in more
   detail in Frankel (1983:37–46), Kalton (1983:19–28),
   Mendenhall and associates (1971:53–88), Sudman
   (1976a:107–130), and Williams (1978:162–175).


7. Cluster sampling is discussed in Frankel (1983:
   47–57), Kalton (1983:28–38), Kish (1965), Mendenhall
   and associates (1971:121–141, 171–183), Sudman
   (1976a: 69–84), and Williams (1978:144–161).


8. For a discussion, see Frankel (1983:57–62), Kalton
   (1983:38–47), Sudman (1976a:131–170), and Williams
   (1978:239–241).


9. Czaja and associates (1982) and Groves and Kahn
   (1979:32–36) discuss within-household sampling.


10. For more on random-digit dialing issues, see Dill-
    man (1978:238–242), Frey (1983:69–77), Glasser and
    Metzger (1972), Groves and Kahn (1979:20–21, 45–63),
    Kalton (1983:86–90), and Waksberg (1978). Kviz (1984)
    reported that telephone directories can produce relatively
    accurate sampling frames in rural areas, at least for mail
    questionnaire surveys. Also see Keeter (1995).


11. See Grosof and Sardy (1985:181–185), Kalton
    (1983: 82–90), Kraemer and Thiemann (1987), Sudman
    (1976a:85–105), and Williams (1978: 211–227) for a
    technical discussion of selecting a sample size.


12. For further discussion on purposive sampling, see
    Babbie (1998:195), Grosof and Sardy (1985:172–173),
    and Singleton and associates (1988:153–154, 306). Bai-
    ley (1987:94–95) describes “dimensional” sampling,
    which is a variation of purposive sampling.


13. Snowball sampling is discussed in Babbie
    (1998:194–196), Bailey (1987:97), and Sudman
    (1976a:210–211). For discussions of sociometry and
    sociograms, also see Bailey (1987:366–367), Dooley
    (1984:86–87), Kidder and Judd (1986:240–241),
    Lindzey and Byrne (1968:452–525), and Singleton and
    associates (1988:372–373). Network sampling issues are
    discussed in Galaskiewicz (1985), Granovetter (1976),
    and Hoffmann-Lange (1987).


14. On adaptive sampling, see Martsolf et al. (2006),
    Thompson and Geber (1996), Thompson (2002), and
    Thompson and Collins (2002).