systems like the USA (Pollitt and Bouckaert 2004 ). The neoliberal wave behind NPM
also occurredWrst in these countries. A rather homogeneous administrative system in
some of these countries may also further NPM. Combining these three sets of
explanatory factors shows quite clearly the variety in the use and implementation
of NPM and smart policy. External crises, two-party systems, and reform-compatible
culture explain why Anglo-American countries have been the reform entrepreneurs,
but also why some of them now are able to turn around or modify the path chosen,
when NPM cannot deliver smart practice.
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