To these specific physical and socio-cultural interactions can be attached the
wider all-public, all-services, all-infrastructural usage of utilities, enjoyment of the
landscape, and input from several levels of government and business. There is a
connection to the Hardin (1968) ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ maxim which predi-
cates a wear-down of the very scenic and cultural ambience the tourists have come
to join and enjoy. This wear-down of a landscape’s enjoyability is usually
Growth Pattern Management 171Visitor
gratifications
Scenery, events,
accommodation,
travelling,
victuallingInfrastructure
components
Gateways
Networks
Communlication
UtilitiesProvisioner
benefactions
Profits
Job satisfaction
Cultural enrichmentOutcomes and outputs
Environmental (resource degradation along
with some environmental enhancement)
Socio-cultural (cultural invasion coupled to
some cultural enrichment)
Economic (provider profits: community benefits)STRUCTURE OF THE
TOURISM INDUSTRYEFFECTS OF TOURISMPositiveIncreases local incomes
Improves infrastructuresGenerates investment for
conservation and heritage
Enhances local awareness of
heritage protection
Raises socio-cultural profile
Commercialization of local
products
Facilicates exchange of ideas
and customs
Stabilizes out-migrationNegativeIncreases resource consumption
Consumes and degrades space
Increases waste and litter
Upsets local ecosystems--
introduces exotic species
Concentrates local populations
into tourism
Encourages rare element trophy
purchasing
Commodifies local customs
Increases local cost of livingDemand/supply
Demand side
(Outcomes)
Visitor delight.
Provisioner profits.
Undamaged socio-cultural
heritage.
Unimpaired environment.Supply side
(Inputs)
Events and destinations.
Delivery capability.
Absorptive capacity.
Good information.
Reliable and safe transport.
Welcoming hosts.
Wholesome victualling.
Reliable services.Figure 4.6 Tourism industry: a construct
Source: based on UNESCO Environmental Education Dossier, 15, 1994.