environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further
development, as necessary.
Principle 25 Peace, development and environmental protection are interdepend-
ent and indivisible.
Principle 26 States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and
by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations.
Principle 27 States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of part-
nership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied in this Declara-
tion and in the further development of international law in the field
of sustainable development.
There are 40 chapters within Agenda 21: a United Nations agenda on environment
and development for the twenty-first century. Agenda 21is a protocol – which
ratifying nations could work within, although there is a leaning of emphasis in
the direction of low-income nations. Behind Agenda 21lies the 1987 polemic from
the World Commission on Environment and Development (The ‘Brundtland’
report)Our Common Future.
The Key Urban Principles from Agenda 21
(James Lunday of ‘Common Ground’)
Chapter 3– Centres on the need for the poor to become more self-sufficient
through community economic development, participation and access to learning.
Chapter 4– Centres on the need to change patterns of consumption through
encouraging environmentally sound use of new and renewable sources of energy,
use of renewable natural resources and sustainable patterns of development.
Chapter 6– Centres on social, economic and spiritual development and a healthy
environment through clean water and non-toxic safe food, control of outdoor and
indoor forms of pollution and safe disposal of solid wastes.
Chapter 7– Is wholly devoted to creation of sustainable human settlements. Eight
program areas are identified to guide cities along sustainable paths including
affordable housing, resource inventories, citizen participation, integrated envi-
ronmental infrastructure, sustainable energy and transport systems, sustainable
land use planning and management and sustainable construction.
Chapter 9– Centres on the protection of the atmosphere from greenhouse gases
and from chemicals that reduce the ozone layer and other pollutants through new
and renewable energy resources, efficient, cost effective, less polluting and safer
rural and mass transport systems (transportation uses 30% of the world’s com-
mercial energy production and consumes 60% of the world’s petroleum produc-
tion), encourages forms of transportation that minimise emissions and harmful
effects on the environment plan urban and regional settlements to reduce envi-
ronmental Impacts of transport t)remote conservation of natural greenhouse gas
sinks and reservoirs.
Urban Growth Management 267