4 This path can be traced with profit from C. J. Glacken’s Traces on the Rhodian Shore,
1977.
5 George Perkins Marsh was formally educated in the classics and Christian belief. The
highlights of his career included election to the US Congress (1840) and ambassador-
ships to Turkey (1849) and Italy (1860). Man and Naturewas published in 1864.
6 Ehrlich, Ehrlich and Holdren’s Ecoscience(1970); Strahler and Strahler’s Environmental
Geoscience(1973); Odum’s Fundamentals of Ecology(1959); Simmon’s Ecology of Natural
Resources(1974); Dasmann’s Environmental Conservation(1972).More up to date is the
work edited by Timothy O’Riordan (1995) Environmental Science for Environmental Man-
agement, and Andrew Goudie’s Human Impact on the Natural Environment(5th edition
1999) with its accompanying Human Impact Reader.
7 Darwin was a significant influence, although of course Darwin’s theory on evolution
and what is described here as ‘evolutionary’, are quite different matters.
8 See Himmelfarb (1991), Poverty and Compassion, a magisterial reassessment of the sup-
posed enlightenment of Victorian times; Himmelfarb’s offering is a transatlantic inter-
pretation of onward relevance to Australasia. Of direct historical connection, critically
questioning nineteenth-century capitalist bourgeois culture, is Hobsbawm’s (1975) The
Age of Capital 1848–1875.
9 United Nations, Human Development Report, 1997.
10 In the opinion of Lang and Hines (1993) this predicates the need for the diametrical
opposite of Free Trade: a ‘new protectionism’ for greater economic equity, for a healthy
environment, for the sustainable use of replaceable resources, and for the careful use
of non-replaceable resources.
11 If an individual’s social experience has come from an upper income ghetto, that indi-
vidual will be inclined to vote against social purpose funding; if another individual’s
business experience is predicated to profiteering they will be inclined to vote against
resource conservation.
12 The ‘county’ in which I live (Rodney District) was judged ‘dysfunctional’ and dis-
banded in March 2000 by the Minister for Local Government, a quite rare ministerial
intervention.
13 In global contexts this equates with the synergistic effect of CFCs on fixed quantity
atmospheric gases within the ozone layer.
14 The connotation, thus far, implicates physical resource entropy. Interestingly, David
Thomson’sSelfish Generations(1991) offers a lucid assessment of future welfare provi-
sioning. He engages the ‘commons’ hypothesis directly in a chapter ‘The Problem of
the Common’ which parodies the pensioned aged as ‘devouring its own young’; and
by implication a synergistic hypothesis for the ability of welfare states to attempt the
invention of an impossibility, perpetual care-and-support from womb to tomb.
15 ‘Global directives and ‘state sovereignty’ are pitched one against the other There are
enormous practical difficulties to overcome in bringing all nations under the umbrella
of a globally enforced instrument, particularly when more than half of them –
comprising the recently independent Third World – are fiercely defensive of their
sovereign rights.
16 Expressed in the past tense. Regional rules imposed for Rotorua since the mid-1990s
have effectively addressed the Exploitation and Discard issues. One beneficial
consequence, mid-2000, is that Pohutu Geyser in the Thermal Wonderland,
occasionally active in the past, erupted daily throughout the first year of the new
millennium.
17 The Wackernagel and Rees (1996) ecological footprinting demand was assessed for
Vancouver City to be an area 180 times greater than the area of the city itself.286 Notes to pp. 75–88