Student and Private Teacher 75physics. Deduced from the Most Evident Princriple of Right Reason Following
the Scientific Method.^59 In any case, Rogall ordained in 1738 that everyone
who went on to theology had to read this work.^60 Again, it is likely that
Kant attended his lectures as well. In them, he not only would have be¬
come more closely acquainted with Aristotelian philosophy, but also would
have heard about some of the more recent critics of Wolffian philosophy,
the Thomasians. Kypke's Brevissima deliniatio scientarum dialecticae et an-
alyticae ad mentem philosophi of 1729 was certainly one of the works that
impressed on Kant the distinction between analytic and dialectic that was
later to become so important in the Critique of Pure Reason.™ Kant lived
in Kypke's house during his first years of teaching at the university, so he
had at least some acquaintance with him.^62
Then there was the professor of poetry and eloquence J. G. Bock, the
good friend of Gottsched and a bitter enemy of the Pietists. He had philo¬
sophical interests, but they were not his most pressing concerns. He op¬
posed the Pietists for many reasons, but the fact that they stood in the way
of students taking courses in poetry was one of the most important ones.
Again, it is more than likely that Kant attended his public lectures, though
we may doubt that he found them very important.
Perhaps more interesting than either of these three was Marquardt, who
beginning in 1730 was an associate professor of mathematics. Until his
death in 1749 he gave lectures in logic and metaphysics that were said to
be very popular. In his dissertation of 1722 he had given his unqualified
support to preestablished harmony in the question of the mind—body re¬
lation. This is highly significant, for during the period under considera¬
tion it was more or less universally assumed that only three systems were
possible that could explain how substances could be related to each other,
a question that was of course especially important for understanding the
relation of mind and body. The first of these was the system of physical
influx, which held that the change in a substance B is sufficiently and im¬
mediately founded in another substance A. This position was usually as¬
sociated with Aristotelianism, and sometimes also with Locke. The second
was occasionalism, which involved the belief that the change in substance
B and the change in substance A are both directly caused by God. This
was ascribed to the Cartesians and especially to Malebranche. The third
position, the Leibnizian view of preestablished harmony, claimed that
both A and B are indirectly caused by God via two harmonized series of
changes. This was called the system of universal (or preestablished) har¬
mony. Wolff himself had come into conflict with the Pietists over just this