enhance appearance; the metalwork that prevents leakage
over windows, doors, around chimneys, and at other roof
details.
Footing That bottom portion at the base of a wall or col-
umn used to distribute the load into the supporting soil.
Foundation The substructure that supports a building or
other structure.
Framing The structural steel members (columns, rafters,
girts, purlins, brace rods, etc.) that go together to comprise
the skeleton of a structure ready for covering to be applied.
Furring Leveling up or building out of a part of wall or
ceiling by wood, metal, or strips.
Glaze (Glazing) The process of installing glass in window
and door frames.
Grade The term used when referring to the ground eleva-
tion around a building or other structure.
Grout A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to
solidly fill cracks and cavities; generally used under setting
places to obtain a solid, uniform, full bearing surface.
Gutter A channel member installed at the eave of the roof
for the purpose of carrying water from the roof to the drains
or downspouts.
Head The top of a door, window, or frame.
Impact Load The assumed load resulting from the motion
of machinery, elevators, cranes, vehicles, and other similar
moving equipment.
Instructions to Bidders A document stating the proce-
dures to be followed by bidders.
Insulation Any material used in building construction for
the protection from heat or cold.
Invitation to Bid An invitation to a selected list of con-
tractors furnishing information on the submission of bids
on a subject.
Jamb The side of a door, window, or frame.
Joist Closely spaced beams supporting a floor or ceiling.
They may be wood, steel, or concrete.
Kip A unit of weight, force, or load that is equal to
1,000 pounds.
Lavatory A bathroom sink.
Liens Legal claims against an owner for amounts due
those engaged in or supplying materials for the construction
of the building.
Lintel The horizontal member placed over an opening to
support the loads (weight) above it.
Liquidated Damages An agreed-to sum chargeable
against the contractor as reimbursement for damages suf-
fered by the owner because of contractor’s failure to fulfill
contractual obligations.
Live Load The load exerted on a member or structure due
to all imposed loads except dead, wind, and seismic loads.
Examples include snow, people, movable equipment, etc.
This type of load is movable and does not necessarily exist
on a given member of structure.
Loads Anything that causes an external force to be exerted
on a structural member. Examples of different types are as
follows:
a. Dead Load: in a building, the weight of all permanent
constructions, such as floor, roof, framing, and covering
members.
b. Impact Load: the assumed load resulting from the
motion of machinery, elevators, craneways, vehicles,
and other similar kinetic forces.
c.Roof Live Load: all loads exerted on a roof (except dead,
wind, and lateral loads) and applied to the horizontal
projection of the building.
d. Floor Live Loads: all loads exerted on a floor (except
dead, wind, and lateral loads), such as people and fur-
nishings.
e.Seismic Load: the assumed lateral load due to the action
of earthquakes and acting in any horizontal direction
on the structural frame.
f.Wind Load: the load caused by wind blowing from any
horizontal direction.
Louver An opening provided with one or more slanted,
fixed, or movable fins to allow flow of air, but to exclude rain
and sun or to provide privacy.
Mullion The large vertical piece between windows. (It
holds the window in place along the edge with which it
makes contact.)
Nonbearing Partition A partition that supports no weight
except its own.
OSB Panels made of short strands of wood fibers oriented
parallel the surface of the sheet.
Parapet That portion of the vertical wall of a building that
extends above the roof line at the intersection of the wall and
roof.
Partition A material or combination of materials used to
divide a space into smaller spaces.
Performance Bond A bond that guarantees to the owner,
within specified limits, that the contractor will perform the
work in accordance with the contract documents.
Pier A structure of masonry (concrete) used to support
the bases of columns and bents. It carries the vertical load to
a footing at the desired load-bearing soil.
Pilaster A flat, rectangular column attached to or built
into a wall masonry or pier; structurally, a pier, but treated
architecturally as a column with a capital, shaft, and base. It
is used to provide strength for roof loads or support for the
wall against lateral forces.
Precast Concrete Concrete that is poured and cast in some
position other than the one it will finally occupy; cast either
on the job site and then put into place, or away from the site
to be transported to the site and erected.
Prestressed Concrete Concrete in which the reinforcing
cables, wires, or rods are tensioned before there is load on
the member.240 APPENDIX D