How to Change Your Mind

of thought—“lubricate cognition,” in Carhart-Harris’s words—in ways
that might enhance well-being, make us more open and boost creativity.
In Gopnik’s terms, the drugs could help adults achieve the kind of fluid
thinking that is second nature to kids, expanding the space of creative
possibility. If, as Gopnik hypothesizes, “childhood is a way of injecting
noise—and novelty—into the system of cultural evolution,” psychedelics
might do the same thing for the system of the adult mind.
As for the unwell, the patients who stand to gain the most are probably
those suffering from the kinds of mental disorders characterized by
mental rigidity: addiction, depression, obsession.
“There are a range of difficulties and pathologies in adults, like
depression, that are connected with the phenomenology of rumination
and an excessively narrow, ego-based focus,” Gopnik says. “You get stuck
on the same thing, you can’t escape, you become obsessive, perhaps
addicted. It seems plausible to me that the psychedelic experience could
help us get out of those states, create an opportunity in which the old
stories of who we are might be rewritten.” The experience could work as a
kind of reset—as when you “introduce a burst of noise into a system” that
has gotten locked into a rigid pattern. Quieting the default mode network
and loosening the grip of the ego—which she suggests may be illusory
anyway—might also be helpful to such people. Gopnik’s idea of a brain
reboot sounded very much like Carhart-Harris’s notion of shaking the
snow globe: a way to boost entropy, or heat, in a system that has gotten
frozen stuck.
Soon after publishing his entropy paper, Carhart-Harris resolved to
put some of his theories into practice by testing them on patients. For the
first time, the lab expanded its focus from pure research to a clinical
application of that work. David Nutt secured a grant from the U.K.
government for the lab to conduct a small pilot study looking at the
potential of psilocybin to relieve the symptoms of “treatment-resistant
depression”—patients who hadn’t responded to the usual therapeutic
protocols and drugs.
Doing clinical work was definitely outside Carhart-Harris’s experience
and comfort zone, as well as the lab’s. One unfortunate early episode
pointed up the inherent tensions between the roles of the clinician,
devoted solely to the patient’s welfare, and the scientist, intent on
gathering data as well. After being injected with LSD in a trial Carhart-