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NEL Molecular Genetics 685

Section20.3

WEBActivity

Case Study—Transformation of Eukaryotes

The first transgenic animal and the first transgenic plant were both produced in 1982. The
animal was a mouse that contained the gene for growth hormone from a rat. The plant was a
tobacco plant that contained a gene from a bacterial cell. The introduced gene produced an
antibiotic in the plant’s cells that protected the plant from bacterial infection. Since then, many
transgenic animals and plants have been produced.
Producing transgenic eukaryotes is a lot more complex than the transformation of bacteria,
and new techniques are still being developed. In this activity, you will find out about one
technique used to create transgenic eukaryotes.

http://www.science.nelson.com GO

SUMMARY DNA and Biotechnology

Table 3 Key Tools of Molecular Biology

Tool Use Example

restriction bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA BamHI recognition site:

endonuclease sequences at a specific recognition site

DNA sequence before cleavage:

DNA sequence after cleavage with BamHI:

methylase enzyme that adds a methyl group to BamHI methylase adds methyl group (CH 3 ) to

recognition sites to protect DNA from second guanine nucleotide in the recognition site:

cleavage by restriction enzyme

DNA sequence no longer cleaved by BamHI

methyl group changes recognition site

DNA ligase enzyme that joins DNA fragments by DNA fragments before subjection to DNA ligase:

creating bonds between nucleotides in

the DNA backbone

DNA fragments after subjection to DNA ligase:

two fragments are joined

plasmid small circular DNA that has the ability plasmid containing multiple-cloning site, ampicillin-resistance gene,

to enter and replicate in bacterial cells and other restriction enzyme sites

and, therefore, can be used as a vector to

introduce new genes into a bacterial cell

HindIII

BamHI

ampr

SmaI

multiple-cloning site

5 
-CC-3GGA T 


3 
-GG-5CCTA 

5 
-T-3T CAGCGGAT CCCA 


3 
-TA-5AGT CGCC TAGGG 

5 
-T-3T CAGCG GAT CCCA 


3 
-TA-5AGT CGCC TAG GG 

5 
-CC-3GGA T 


3 
-GG-5CCTA 

5 
-G-3ATAGTG AAT T CG 


3 
-TATCACTTAA G

5 
-

3 
-CC-5

-3


-5

5 
-G-3ATAGTGAATTC 


TATCACTTAAG

G

3 
-C-5C