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Chapter 20 SUMMARY

700 Chapter 20 NEL

Outcomes

Knowledge

• describe, in general, how genetic information is contained in
  the sequence of bases in DNA molecules in chromosomes;
  how the DNA molecules replicate themselves; and how the
  genetic information is transcribed into sequences of bases
  in RNA molecules and is finally translated into sequences of
  amino acids in proteins (20.1, 20.2)


• explain, in general, how restriction enzymes cut DNA
  molecules into smaller fragments and how ligases
  reassemble them (20.3)


• explain, in general, how cells may be transformed by
  inserting new DNA sequences into their genomes (20.3)


• explain how a random change (mutation) in the sequence
  of bases results in abnormalities or provides a source of
  genetic variability (20.4)


• explain how sequences of nucleic acids contained in the
  nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts gives evidence for
  the relationships among organisms of different species by
  examining similarities and differences in base sequences
  (20.4)

STS

• explain that science and technology have both intended and
  unintended consequences for humans and the environment
  (20.3, 20.4)


• explain that scientific research and technological
  development help achieve a sustainable society, economy,
  and environment (20.3, 20.4)

Skills

• ask questions and plan investigations (20.4)


• conduct investigations and gather and record data and
  information (20.2, 20.3, 20.4)


• analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual
  models to develop and assess possible solutions (20.2, 20.4)


• work as members of a team and apply the skills and
  conventions of science (all)

Key Terms

20.1

20.2

complementary base pairing

antiparallel

DNA replication

semiconservative replication

template

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase III

leading strand

lagging strand

DNA polymerase I

DNA ligase

gene expression

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

transcription

messenger RNA (mRNA)

translation

RNA polymerase

promoter

template strand

termination sequence

codon

start codon

stop codon

ribosome

transfer RNA (tRNA)

anticodon

recombinant DNA

genetic transformation

restriction endonuclease

recognition site

palindromic

sticky ends

blunt ends

methylase

polymerase chain reaction

(PCR)

vector

transgenic

plasmid

multiple-cloning site

point mutation

gene mutation

silent mutation

missense mutation

nonsense mutation

deletion

insertion

frameshift mutation

translocation

inversion

spontaneous mutation

mutagenic agent

induced mutation

phylogeny

SINEs

LINEs

20.3

20.4

MAKE a summary

1. Starting with the title “The Human Genome,” produce a
   flowchart that illustrates the flow of information from
   gene to protein. Include as many key concepts as
   possible.
   2.Revisit your answers to the Starting Points questions at
   the beginning of the chapter. Would you answer the
   questions differently now? Why?