Index 679Integrodifferential equations, 359
Interest, time interval, 40
interp function, 44
Inverse discrete–time Fourier transform
(IDFT), 468–469, 490, 500, 515, 547–548
Inverse fft function, 588
Inverse Laplace transform (ILT). See Laplace
transform, inverse
Inversion
continuous time signal, 25
inverse transformations, 320, 346, 484–485
returns, 23J
j operator, 225
Joule, as unit of measure, 26, 106, 107n
Jump conditions, 594
Jump value, 46K
Kaiser window, 45, 47, 50–51, 93
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 102
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), 104, 110, 117,
132, 267
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), 104, 110–111,
116, 127–128, 135, 149, 204, 358
Kronecker, Leopold, 9
Kronecker delta sequence, 9L
Lagging, 225
Laguerre orthonormal signal family, 19
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 319
laplace(f) function, 363–364
Laplace technique, 354
Laplace transform (LT)
advantages of, 376
application problems, 452–456
causal system, 349–350
differential equations (DEs), 361–363
direct, 352–354
examples, 420–423
fi lter transfer function, 586
impedance, 354–355, 372–373
implications of, 319–320
integrodifferential system, 359–360
inverse (ILT), 346, 351–354, 359, 365, 367
noncausal system, 349–350partial fraction expansion (PFE), 351–352,
360, 363
periodic/nonperiodic functions, 367–368
power spectrum density, 369, 371–372
real signal/function of, 345, 351–352
switch, examples of, 423–426, 428–443
time-dependent functions, 364
time-frequency domain, 346, 354–358, 367
unilateral, 346–347
value theorems, 349, 436–439
Laplace variable, 40
Laurent series, 473
LC parallel, 239
Leading, 225
Left-sided sequence, 22
Lerch’s theorem, 346
Leyden jar, 101
Limiting process, 46
Linear controls, components of, 335
Linear convolution, 493–499
Linear DC network, 118
Linear discrete system, 458
Linearity
DFT, 524–530
signifi cance of, 347, 470
ZT, 474–475
Linear modulation. See AM signals;
Modulation
Linear phase
features of, 337–338
response, 582
shift, 337–338
Linear piecewise magnitude approximation,
588
Linear spectral distribution, 321
Linear system
defi ned, 17
time invariant, 336
Linear time invariant (LTI) system, 351,
461–463, 467–468, 541–546
Line spectrum, 327–328
Loop
analysis, 116
closed electric, 110
current path, 106
equations, see Loop equations
feedback, 595–596
Loop equations
applications, 117, 121, 135–136, 320, 359
construction of, 248–249
parallel RLC, 247
polyphase generator system, 263–264
superposition principal, 259
Loss function, 565CRC_47760_Index.indd 679CRC_47760_Index.indd 679 7/18/2008 3:10:51 PM7/18/2008 3:10:51 PM