INDEX 707Pituicytes, 378
Pituitary gland, 274–275, 377–390
binding, 381
biosynthesis, 378–381
carbohydrate metabolism, 382
catch-up growth, 387–388
cell types in, 378
chemistry, 380–381
direct actions of, 384
electrolyte metabolism, 382
endocrine glands, 388
fat metabolism, 382
gross anatomy, 378
growth, 382
growth hormone, 380–385
growth hormone receptors, 381–382
growth periods, 386
growth physiology, 385–388
histology, 378
hormonal effects, 386–387
hypothalamic control of secretion, 384
indirect actions, 384
insulin sensitivity, 389
morphology, 378
peripheral control of secretion, 384
pigment abnormalities, 379–380
pituitary insufficiency, 388–389
plasma levels, 381
proopiomelanocortin, 378–380
protein metabolism, 382
role of nutrition, 385–386
skin coloration, 379–380
somatomedins, 382–384
species specificity, 381
stimuli affecting growth hormone secretion,
384–385
water metabolism, 389
PI3K. See Phosphoinositol 3-kinase
Pituitary gonadotropins, 400–402
Pituitary insufficiency, 388–389
causes of, 389
endocrine glands, 388
insulin sensitivity, 389
water metabolism, 389
Pituitary secretion, 277–279
biosynthesis, 277–278
intraneuronal transport, 277–278
magnocellular neurons, electrical activity, 278
milk ejection reflex, 279
oxytocin, 277, 279
secretion, 277–278
vasopressin, 277, 279
vasopressin receptors, 279
PKA. See Protein kinase A
Placenta, 582
circulation, 581–584
Planum temporale, 212, 296
Plasma, 530–531
hypoproteinemia, 531
plasma proteins, 530–531
Plasma aspartate aminotransferase, 18
Plasma cells, 70, 72
Plasma glucose level, effects of, 326–327
Plasma kallikrein, 566
Plasma levels, 381
Plasma lipids, 24–27
Plasma membrane, 32
Plasma osmolality and disease, 6
Plasma proteins, 530–531
synthesis of, 482
Plasma renin activity, 671
Plasma renin concentration, 671
Plasma T, 305
Plasmin, 533
Plasminogen system, 533
Plasticity, 112
Platelet-activating factor, 74
Platelet aggregation, 74
Platelet-derived growth factor, 74, 91
Platelets, 74–75, 523
Pleasure center, of the brain, 179
Plethysmograph, 539
Plethysmography, 539
PLMD. See Periodic limb movement disorder
PMNs. See Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome
Pneumotaxic center, 627
PNMT. See Phenylethanolamine-N-
methyltransferase
Podocytes, 640
Poikilothermic, 282
Point mutations, 11
Poiseuille–Hagen formula, 541–542
Polydipsia, 668
Polymodal nociceptors, 167
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 63
Polypeptides, 16, 144–145
Polypeptide YY, 331
Polysynaptic reflexes, 157, 163–164
fractionation, 164
importance of withdrawal reflex, 164
occlusion, 164
withdrawal reflex, 163
Polyubiquitination, 18
Polyuria, 660, 668
POMC. See Proopiomelanocortin
Pontine tract, 246
Pontogeniculo-occipital spikes, 235
Portal hypophysial vessels, 275
Position agnosia, 155
Positive feedback loop, 85
Positron emission tomography, 289, 576
Posterior hypothalamic neurons, 238
Posterior pituitary, 573
Postextrasystolic potentiation, 516
Postganglionic neuron, 262
Postictal period, 233
Postsynaptic cell, 115
Postsynaptic density, 116
Postsynaptic inhibition, 121
spinal cord, 121
Posttetanic potentiation, 291
Posture, 241–260
Posture-regulating systems, 247
Potassium, 319
Potential difference, 83
PPARs. See Peroxisome proliferation activated
receptors
pp39mos, 412
PRA. See Plasma renin activity
Prachiasmatic nuclei, 236
Prandial drinking, 276
PRC. See Plasma renin concentration
Pre-Bötzinger complex, 626
Precapillary sphincters, 537
Precocious, delayed puberty, 399–400
sexual precocity, 399–400
Precocious pseudopuberty, 348, 399
Preejection period, 510
Preganglionic neuron, 262
Pregnancy, 423–426
endocrine changes, 424
failure to reject fetal graft, 424
fertilization, 423–424fetoplacental unit, 425
human chorionic gonadotropin, 424
human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424
implantation, 423–424
infertility, 424
parturition, 425–426
placental hormones, 425
Prekallikrein, 566
Preload, 515
Premature beat, 498
Premenstrual syndrome, 423
Premotor cortex, 243, 245
Preoptic neurons, 238
Prepotent, 164
Prepotential, 491
Preproinsulin, 317
Prepro-oxyphysin, 278
Prepropressophysin, 277
PreproPTH, 367
Preprorenin, 670
Presbycusis, 213
Presbyopia, 189
Prestin, 211
Presynaptic cell, 115
Presynaptic facilitation, 122
Presynaptic inhibition, 122
Presynaptic receptors, 130
Presynaptic terminals, 80
Prevertebral ganglia, 263
PRH. See Prolactin-releasing hormone
Primary adrenal insufficiency, 360
Primary amenorrhea, 400, 422
Primary colors, 196
Primary evoked potential, 232
Primary hyperaldosteronism, 359
Primary motor cortex, 243–245
Primary plexus, 275
Primary somatosensory area, 243
Primary spermatocytes, 403
Primary visual cortex, 184
Priming, 290
Primordial follicles, 411
Principal axis, 186
Principal cells, 354, 641
Principal focal distance, 186
Principal focus, 186
PRL. See Prolactin
Proarrhythmic, 501
Procedural memory, 290
Prodynorphin, 144
Proenkephalin, 144
Proenzymes, 454
Progenitor cells, 522
Progestational agents, 419
Progesterone, 392, 418–419
Progestins, 419
Programmed cell death, 42
Progressive motility, 404
Proinsulin, 318
Prokaryotes, 32
Prolactin, 280, 377, 400–402
secretion, 401–402
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, 280
Prolactin-releasing hormone, 280
Proliferative phase, 412
Promoter, 11
Proopiomelanocortin, 144, 378–380
biosynthesis, 378–379
pigment abnormalities, 379–380
skin coloration, 379–380
Properdin pathway, 69
Proprioception, 158