INDEX 709glucose reabsorption, 650
glucose transport mechanism, 650
humoral effects, 658
hydrostatic pressure, 647
innervation of renal vessels, 643
K+ excretion, 659
loop of Henle, 653
loss of concentrating ability, 660
lymphatics, 643
measuring GFR, 645
mechanisms, 657
Na+ excretion, 657–658
Na+ reabsorption, 648–649
nephron, 640–642
normal, 646
osmotic diuresis, 656
osmotic pressure, 647
oxygen consumption, 645
PAH transport, 651
permeability, 646
pressure in renal vessels, 644
proximal tubule, 652–653
reflex control, 662
regional blood flow, 645
regulation of renal blood flow, 644
renal circulation, 643–645
secondary active transport, 650–651
size of capillary bed, 646
spinal cord transection, 662
substances to measure, 645
tubular function, 647–657
tubular reabsorption, secretion, 648
tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652
uremia, 660
urine concentration, 657
water diuresis, 658
water excretion, 658–659
water intoxication, 658–659
water transport, 652
Renal H+, 679–686
ammonia secretion, 680–681
bicarbonate excretion, 681
buffering, 683
factors affecting acid secretion, 681
H+ balance, 682–683
metabolic acidosis, 684
metabolic alkalosis, 684
pH changes along nephrons, 681
reaction with buffers, 680
renal compensation, 683–684
Siggaard–Andersen curve nomogram,
684–686
unipolar leads, 492–494
Renal interstitial pressure, 643
Renal plasma flow, 643
Renal threshold, 650
Renal tubular acidosis, 660
Renin, 337, 670
Renin–angiotensin system, 670–674
Renin secretion, 673–674
Renin substrate, 670
Renorenal reflex, 643
Renshaw cell, 163
Replication, 13
Repolarization, 85
Representational hemisphere, 295
Reproductive system, 391–428
aberrant sexual differentiation, 396–398
abnormalities of ovarian function, 422–423
abnormalities of testicular function, 410
anabolic effects, 408
androgen-secreting tumors, 410
anovulatory cycles, 413–414
blood–testis barrier, 402–403
changes during intercourse, 414
chemistry, 406–407
chromosomal abnormalities, 396–397
chromosomal sex, 392–393
chromosomes, 392
contraception, 422
control of cycle, 421
control of ovarian function, 420–422
control of testicular function, 409–410
cryptorchidism, 410
cyclic changes in breasts, 414
cyclic changes in uterine cervix, 414
delayed, absent puberty, 400
development of brain, 396
development of breasts, 426
development of gonads, 394
ejaculation, 406
embryology of genitalia, 394–396
embryology of human reproductive system,
394–396
endocrine changes, 424
endocrine function of testes, 406–409
environmental estrogen, 418
erection, 405–406
estrous cycle, 415
failure to reject fetal graft, 424
feedback effects, 421
female reproductive system, 411–427
female secondary sex characteristics, 418
fertilization, 423–424
fetoplacental unit, 425
gametogenesis, 402–406
gynecomastia, 427
human chorionic gonadotropin, 424
human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424
hormonal abnormalities, 397–398
hormones, 427
hypothalamic components, 420–421
implantation, 423–424
indicators of ovulation, 414–415
infertility, 424
inhibins, 409–410
initiation of lactation after delivery, 427
lactation, 426–427
male hypogonadism, 410
male reproductive system, 402–410
mechanism of action, 408–409, 418–419
menopause, 400
menstrual abnormalities, 422–423
menstrual cycle, 411–415
metabolism, 407
normal menstruation, 413
ovarian cycle, 411–412
ovarian hormones, 416–420
parturition, 425–426
pituitary gonadotropins, 400–402
placental hormones, 425
precocious, delayed puberty, 399–400
pregnancy, 423–426
prolactin, 400–402
prolactin secretion, 401–402
PSA, 406
puberty, 398–400
reflex ovulation, 421–422
relaxin, 420
secondary sex characteristics, 407–408
secretion, 407, 417, 419
semen, 405
sex chromatin, 392–393
sex chromosomes, 392sex differentiation, 392–400
sexual precocity, 399–400
spermatogenesis, 403–404
spermatozoa development, 404
steroid feedback, 410
structure, 402
synthetic estrogen, 418
temperature, 405
testicular production of estrogens, 409
transport, 407
uterine cycle, 412–413
vaginal cycle, 414
vasectomy, 406
Residual cleft, 378
Residual volume, 593
Resistance, 539, 596
Resistance vessels, 543
Resonator, 210
Respiration, 591–600, 625–638
afferents from proprioceptors, 632–633
alveolar surface tension, 596–597
aortic bodies, 628–629
asphyxia, 634
blood flow, 599
breath holding, 631
bronchial tone, 594
carotid bodies, 628–629
changes in acid–base balance, 629
chemical control of breathing, 627–631
chemoreceptors in brain stem, 629
chest wall, 595–596
CO 2 , ventilatory responses to, 630
CO 2 response curve, 631
compliance of lungs, chest wall, 595–596
control systems, 625–626
coughing, 632
dead space, 599–600
drowning, 634
effect of H+ on CO 2 response, 631
effects of exercise, 634–637
exercise tolerance, 637
expiration, 591–593
fatigue, 637
glottis, 594
inspiration, 591–593
lung volumes, 593–594
medullary systems, 626
neural control of breathing, 625–627
nonchemical influences on respiration,
632–634
oxygen lack, ventilatory response to, 630–631
periodic breathing, 634
pontine influences, 627
receptors in airways, lungs, 632
regulation of respiratory activity, 627
respiratory abnormalities, 634
respiratory components of visceral reflexes,
633
respiratory effects of baroreceptor stimulation,
633
respiratory muscles, 594
sleep, 634
sneezing, 632
surfactant, 597–598
tissues, changes in, 636–637
uneven ventilation, 599–600
vagal influences, 627
ventilation, 599, 634–636
work of breathing, 598–599
Respiratory acidosis, 615, 629, 681, 683
Respiratory alkalosis, 615, 629, 683
Respiratory burst, 64