5.4 The integral calculus 143
An estimate of the area is then obtained by replacing each strip by a rectangle.
The width of the rth strip is∆x
r
1 = 1 x
r
1 − 1 x
r− 1
and we can choose the heighty
r
of the
rectangle to be any value of the function in the strip. The area of the rth rectangle
is∆A
r
1 = 1 y
r
∆x
r
, and the total area is
(5.29)
Two ways of choosing the heights of the rectangles are shown in Figure 5.11. In Figure
(a) the height of each rectangle has been chosen to be the largestvalue ofy 1 = 1 f(x)in
the subinterval; we call this quantityy
r
(max)for the rth strip. In Figure (b) the height
has been chosen to be the smallestvalue; we call this quantityy
r
(min)for the rth strip.
It is clear that the first choice gives a value that overestimatesthe area under the curve,
whereas the second choice gives a value that underestimatesthe area:
(5.30)
If we decrease the widths of all the strips by increasing the number of subdivisions,
the values ofy
r
(min)andy
r
(max)in each strip approach each other (if the function
is continuous, as has been assumed) and the two sums in (5.30) converge to the same
limit as the number of strips is increased indefinitely; asn 1 → 1 ∞each sum converges
to the limit A, the area under the curve. Therefore, irrespective of the particular
choice of heights of the rectangles and of how the divisions of the interval are made,
we have
(5.31)
or, because we can choosey
r
1 = 1 f(x
r
),
(5.32)
Afxxx
n
r
n
rr r
=→
→
=
∑
lim ( ) ( )
∞
1
∆∆all 0
Ayx
n
r
n
rr
=
→
=
∑
lim
∞
1
∆
r
n
rr
r
n
r r
yxAy x
==
∑∑
<<
11
(min)∆∆(max)
AAyx
r
n
r
r
n
rr
≈=
==
∑∑
11
∆∆
.
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.
ax b
1
x
2
···x
r− 1
x
r
··· x
n− 1
y
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(a)
.................................
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.
a x b
1
x
2
···x
r− 1
x
r
··· x
n− 1
x
y=f(x)
...
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(b)
Figure 5.11