5 Eliot’s “The Function of Criticism” appeared in a number of translations, too,
in 1951, 1957, 1964, and 1978. See Farld, “Athar T. S. Eliot,” p. 180. In
context, see DeYoung, “T. S. Eliot,” pp. 5–6.
6 See for instance, JabrmI. Jabrm, “Modern Arabic Literature and the West,” in
Critical Perspectives on Modern Arabic Literature, ed. Issa J. Boullata (Washington,
DC: Three Continents, 1980), pp. 7–22, esp. p. 14; and M. M. Badawi,
“Commitment in Contemporary Arabic Poetry,” in Critical Perspective on Modern
Arabic Literature, ed. Issa J. Boullata (Washington, DC: Three Continents,
1980), pp. 23–44, esp. pp. 32–37.
7 Al->usayn Ibn ‘All, the grandson of the prophet, and the Third Shl‘lImmm, and
the son of the First Immm ‘All, the fourth caliph. He rose against the Umayyads as
unjust usurpers, and was brutally massacred with his few companions in the battle
of Karbalm’, which has been invested with enormous significance in Shl‘lIslam.
Al- >usayn Ibn Manxnr al->allmj is recognized as the greatest mystic, the one
who set the example for active Sufism. He was brutally executed in Baghdad,
922, for his outspoken beliefs and mystical ecstasies. Courting death, he bewil-
dered many for the divulgence of the secret of love between the Sufi and the
Divine Lover.
8 W. B. Yeats, The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats(New York: Macmillan,
1974), pp. 68–69.
9 Ezra Pound, Gaudier-Brzeska(New York: New Directions, 1970), p. 85.
10 For a discussion of the poem in view of his theory of masks and personae, see
Carol T. Christ’s critical reading, Victorian and Modern Poetics(Chicago, IL and
London: The University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 42–45.
11 Jmbir ‘Uxfnr, “Aqni‘at al-shi‘r al-mu‘msir” (Masks of Contemporary Poetry) Fuxnl
1, n. 4 ( July 1981), pp. 123.
12 Ma.mnd Darwlsh, Sarlr al-gharlbah(The Woman-Stranger’s Bed) (London:
Riad El-Rayyes Books, 2000), p. 121.
13 Trans., John M. Asfour, When the Words Burn: An Anthology of Modern Arabic
Poetry, 1945–1987(Dunvegan, ON: Cormorant, 1988), p. 196.
14 Matei Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity(Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
1987), p. 112.
15 cAbd al-Wahhmb al-Baymtl, “Elegy to Khalil Hawi,” in Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati:
Love, Death and Exile, trans., Bassam K. Frangieh (Washington, DC:
Georgetown University Press, 1990), p. 267.
16 Matei Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity, p. 67.
17 Trans., John M. Asfour, When the Words Burn, pp. 78–79.
18 Nmzik al-Malm’ikah, “Al-Mar’ah bayna yarafayn,” in Nmzik al-Malm’ikah:
Al-A‘mml al-nathriyyah(Prose Works) (Cairo: Al-Majlis al-A‘lmlil-Thaqmfah,
2002), vol. 2, pp. 481–92, at p. 483.
19 Edward Said, The World, the Text and the Critic(London: Vintage Edition, 1991),
p. 155.
20 Shmkir Muxyafmsuggests that the name was given to him by the leader of the
Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Anynn Sa‘mdah, see “Al-Shi‘r flSnrlym,” Al-Mdmb3,
no. 1 (January 1955), p. 125.
21 See, Dlwmn AghmnlMihymr al-Dimashql, 1960–1961, in Adnnls, Al-A‘mml
al-shi‘riyyah al-kmmiiah (The Complete Poetic Works), (Beirut: Dmr Al-cAwdah,
197) p. 290.
22 In When the Words Burn, trans. and ed. John M. Asfour, p.162.
23 Ibid., p. 160. Citations hereafter are within the text.
NOTES