test-mode streams, 339
text, literal, 148
text files
reading, 745-746
writing, 747-749
text streams, 339
text-mode files, 440
detecting EOF (end of file), 463
formatted output, 445
third() function, 114
throw operator, 655
throwing exceptions, 744
tilde(~), class destructors, 684
__TIME__ constant, 817
__TIME__ macro, 611
time, determining duration, 541
time functions
calculating differences, 541
converting representations, 538
displaying, 539
example, 541-543
obtaining current, 538
representing, 537
time structure, 666
time.h, 537
tm structure, 537
top-down approach, structured programming,
104-105
trigonometric functions, 534
trigraph sequences, 162-163
two-dimensional arrays, 181
type conversions, 565
automatic, 566
by assignment, 567
type promotion in expressions, 566
explicit with typecasts, 568
arithmetic expressions, 568
pointers, 569typecasting, 568
arithmetic expressions, 568
pointers, 569
void pointers, 520
typedef keyword
structures, 281
variables, 49
typographical errors, 35U
unary operators, 64-66
unary.c, 65
unbuffered character input functions, 342
unconditional jumps, goto statements, 314-
316
#undef directive, 610
underscores, predefined macros, 611
ungetc() function, 347, 509
uninitialized pointers, 210-211
union keyword, 278-280
unions, 275-276
accessing members, 276-277
declaring, 275-276
defining, 275-276
initializing, 275-276
listing 11.7, 280
listing 11.8, 279-280
portability, 815
reading/writing, 816
word alignment, 815-816
union keyword, 278-281
UNIX
comparing strings, 492
compiling source code, 12
filenames, 441
memory allocation, 571
path names, 441
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