power of self-consciousness. This basic choice—given the context of his knowledge and of the existential
possibilities confronting him—controls all of man's other choices, and directs the course of his actions.
The concept of man as a being of volitional consciousness stands in sharp opposition to the view that dominates our
culture in general and the social sciences in particular: the doctrine of psychological determinism.
Psychological determinism denies the existence of any element of freedom or volition in man's consciousness. It
holds that, in relation to his actions, decisions, values, and conclusions, man is ultimately and essentially passive;
that man is merely a reactor to internal and external pressures; that those pressures determine the course of his
actions and the content of his convictions, just as physical forces determine the course of every particle of dust in
the universe. It holds that, in any given situation or moment, only one "choice" is psychologically possible to man,
the inevitable result of all the antecedent determining forces impinging on him, just as only one action is possible to
the speck of dust; that man has no actual power of choice, no actual freedom or self-responsibility. Man, according
to this view, has no more volition than a stone: he is merely confronted with more complex alternatives and is
manipulated by more complex forces.
Although they usually do not care to have it formulated so explicitly, nor to accept its full implications, this is the
view of man's nature that most contemporary psychologists accept. They accept it, many of them candidly admit, as
"an article of faith." That is, the majority do not claim that this view has been proven, has been logically
demonstrated. They profess a belief in psychological determinism because they regard it as "scientific." This is the
single most prevalent and destructive myth in the field of psychology today.
The doctrine of determinism contains a central and insuperable contradiction—an epistemological contradiction—a
contradiction implicit in any variety of determinism, whether the alleged determining forces be physical,
psychological, environmental, or divine.
The determinist view of mind maintains that whether a man thinks or not, whether he takes cognizance of the facts
of reality or not, whether he places facts above feelings or feelings above facts—all are determined by forces
outside his control; in any given