30 ATOMIC PHYSICS
Figure 30.1Individual carbon atoms are visible in this image of a carbon nanotube made by a scanning tunneling electron microscope. (credit: Taner Yildirim, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, via Wikimedia Commons)
Learning Objectives
30.1. Discovery of the Atom- Describe the basic structure of the atom, the substructure of all matter.
30.2. Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei - Describe how electrons were discovered.
- Explain the Millikan oil drop experiment.
- Describe Rutherford’s gold foil experiment.
- Describe Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom.
30.3. Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom - Describe the mysteries of atomic spectra.
- Explain Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom.
- Explain Bohr’s planetary model of the atom.
- Illustrate energy state using the energy-level diagram.
- Describe the triumphs and limits of Bohr’s theory.
30.4. X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications - Define x-ray tube and its spectrum.
- Show the x-ray characteristic energy.
- Specify the use of x rays in medical observations.
- Explain the use of x rays in CT scanners in diagnostics.
30.5. Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations - Define and discuss fluorescence.
- Define metastable.
- Describe how laser emission is produced.
- Explain population inversion.
- Define and discuss holography.
30.6. The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization - Explain Bohr’s model of atom.
- Define and describe quantization of angular momentum.
- Calculate the angular momentum for an orbit of atom.
- Define and describe the wave-like properties of matter.
30.7. Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization - State and discuss the Zeeman effect.
- Define orbital magnetic field.
- Define orbital angular momentum.
- Define space quantization.
30.8. Quantum Numbers and Rules - Define quantum number.
- Calculate angle of angular momentum vector with an axis.
- Define spin quantum number.
30.9. The Pauli Exclusion Principle - Define the composition of an atom along with its electrons, neutrons, and protons.
- Explain the Pauli exclusion principle and its application to the atom.
- Specify the shell and subshell symbols and their positions.
- Define the position of electrons in different shells of an atom.
- State the position of each element in the periodic table according to shell filling.
CHAPTER 30 | ATOMIC PHYSICS 1063