hadrons:
leptons:
linear accelerator:
meson:
meson:
muon family number:
particle physics:
pion:
quantum chromodynamics:
quantum chromodynamics:
quantum electrodynamics:
quark:
standard model:
strangeness:
strange:
superstring theory:
synchrotron radiation:
synchrotron:
tau family number:
theory of quark confinement:
top:
up:
Van de Graaff:
virtual particles:
particles that feel the strong nuclear force
particles that do not feel the strong nuclear force
accelerator that accelerates particles in a straight line
particle whose mass is intermediate between the electron and nucleon masses
hadrons that can decay to leptons and leave no hadrons
the number±1that is assigned to all members of the muon family, or the number 0 that is assigned to all particles not in
the muon family
the study of and the quest for those truly fundamental particles having no substructure
particle exchanged between nucleons, transmitting the force between them
quark theory including color
the governing theory of connecting quantum number color to gluons
the theory of electromagnetism on the particle scale
an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter
combination of quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory
a physical quantity assigned to various particles based on decay systematics
the third lightest of all quarks
a theory of everything based on vibrating strings some 10 −35min length
radiation caused by a magnetic field accelerating a charged particle perpendicular to its velocity
a version of a cyclotron in which the frequency of the alternating voltage and the magnetic field strength are increased as the beam
particles are accelerated
the number±1that is assigned to all members of the tau family, or the number 0 that is assigned to all particles not in the
tau family
explains how quarks can exist and yet never be isolated or directly observed
a quark flavor
the lightest of all quarks
early accelerator: simple, large-scale version of the electron gun
particles which cannot be directly observed but their effects can be directly observed
Section Summary
33.0 Introduction to Particle Physics
- Particle physics is the study of and the quest for those truly fundamental particles having no substructure.
33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
- Yukawa’s idea of virtual particle exchange as the carrier of forces is crucial, with virtual particles being formed in temporary violation of the
conservation of mass-energy as allowed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
33.2 The Four Basic Forces
- The four basic forces and their carrier particles are summarized in theTable 33.1.
- Feynman diagrams are graphs of time versus position and are highly useful pictorial representations of particle processes.
- The theory of electromagnetism on the particle scale is called quantum electrodynamics (QED).
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
- A variety of particle accelerators have been used to explore the nature of subatomic particles and to test predictions of particle theories.
- Modern accelerators used in particle physics are either large synchrotrons or linear accelerators.
- The use of colliding beams makes much greater energy available for the creation of particles, and collisions between matter and antimatter
allow a greater range of final products.
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
CHAPTER 33 | PARTICLE PHYSICS 1205
