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energy consumption. In 2009 China surpassed the United States as the largest generator ofCO 2. In India, the main energy resources are biomass

(wood and dung) and coal. Half of India’s oil is imported. About 70% of India’s electricity is generated by highly polluting coal. Yet there are sizeable

strides being made in renewable energy. India has a rapidly growing wind energy base, and it has the largest solar cooking program in the world.

Figure 7.30Past and projected world energy use (source: Based on data from U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2011)

Figure 7.31Solar cell arrays at a power plant in Steindorf, Germany (credit: Michael Betke, Flickr)

Table 7.6displays the 2006 commercial energy mix by country for some of the prime energy users in the world. While non-renewable sources

dominate, some countries get a sizeable percentage of their electricity from renewable resources. For example, about 67% of New Zealand’s

electricity demand is met by hydroelectric. Only 10% of the U.S. electricity is generated by renewable resources, primarily hydroelectric. It is difficult

to determine total contributions of renewable energy in some countries with a large rural population, so these percentages in this table are left blank.

Table 7.6Energy Consumption—Selected Countries (2006)

Country

Consumption,

in EJ (10^18 J)

Oil

Natural

Gas

Coal Nuclear Hydro

Other

Renewables

Electricity Use

per capita (kWh/

yr)

Energy Use

per capita (GJ/

yr)

Australia 5.4 34% 17% 44% 0% 3% 1% 10000 260

Brazil 9.6 48% 7% 5% 1% 35% 2% 2000 50

China 63 22% 3% 69% 1% 6% 1500 35

Egypt 2.4 50% 41% 1% 0% 6% 990 32

Germany 16 37% 24% 24% 11% 1% 3% 6400 173

India 15 34% 7% 52% 1% 5% 470 13

Indonesia 4.9 51% 26% 16% 0% 2% 3% 420 22

Japan 24 48% 14% 21% 12% 4% 1% 7100 176

New

Zealand

0.44 32% 26% 6% 0% 11% 19% 8500 102

Russia 31 19% 53% 16% 5% 6% 5700 202

U.S. 105 40% 23% 22% 8% 3% 1% 12500 340

World 432 39% 23% 24% 6% 6% 2% 2600 71

252 CHAPTER 7 | WORK, ENERGY, AND ENERGY RESOURCES

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