CHAPTER 13
Environmental
Emergencies
Mashal Ahmadi, MD
Bites and Stings 615
MAMMALIANBITES 615
SPIDERBITES 618
HYMENOPTERASTINGS 619
BARKSCORPIONSTING 620Marine Animal Envenomations 621
STINGERS 621
NEMATOCYSTS 622
OCTOPUSBITES 623
LIZARDBITES 623Snake Envenomations 624
VIPERIDAEFAMILY 624
ELAPIDAEFAMILY 626Heat-Related Illness 627
MINORHEATILLNESS 628
HEATEXHAUSTION 628
HEATSTROKE 629Cold-Related Injuries 630
CHILLBLAINS 631
TRENCHFOOT 631
FROSTNIP 631
FROSTBITE 632Accidental Hypothermia 633
Electrical Injury 636
Lightning Injury 638
High-Altitude Illness 640
ACUTEMOUNTAINSICKNESS 641
HIGH-ALTITUDEPULMONARYEDEMA 641
HIGH-ALTITUDECEREBRALEDEMA 642