0071643192.pdf

It is divided into four classes by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society:

■ Class I: Angina with strenuous physical activity

■ Class II: Slight limitation of normal physical activity

■ Class III: Severe limitation of normal physical activity

■ Class IV: Inability to perform physical activity

Unstable Angina (UA)

UA is angina occurring with minimal exertion/rest, new-onset angina (within

last 2 months), or an increasing frequency or duration of previously stable

angina.

CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES

TABLE 2.1. Summary of ECG Essentials

AXIS QRS CHARACTERISTICECG FINDINGS

RBBB Right or vertical Wide rR’ or rSR’ in V 1 and

Large S wave in V 6

LBBB Left Wide QS or rS in V 1 and

Monophasic R in V 6

LAFB Left (> −30°) Normal Q in I, S in III (Q 1 S 3 )

LPFB Right Normal S in I, Q in III (S 1 Q 3 )

RVH Right Normal R wave > S wave in V 1 and

Deep S wave in V 6

LV H Left or horizontal Normal S in V 1 +R in V 5 (or V 6 )≥35 mm and

R in aVL ≥11 mm

Hyperkalemia Any Normal or wide Peaked T waves →

PR prolongation →

P waves flattening →

Widened QRS →sine wave

Hypokalemia Any Normal Flattened T waves

Prominent U waves

Hypercalcemia Any Normal Shortened QT intervals

Hypocalcemia Any Normal QT prolongation

Digitalis Effect Any Normal Depressed (scooped or sagging) ST

segments

Shortened QT intervals

Flattened T waves

Prominent U waves

Hypothermia Any Normal or wide Osborn J waves

UA =new-onset angina,

angina with frequency or

duration, angina with minimal

exertion/rest

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