190.Which of the following is part of the minimal blood-air barrier in the
lungs?
a. Fused basal laminae of epithelial and endothelial cells
b. Alveolar pores of Kohn
c. Alveolar macrophages
d. Type II pneumocytes
e. Smooth-muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries and veins
191.Major defense mechanisms of the respiratory system include which
of the following?
a. Phagocytic activity of type II pneumocytes to ingest microorganisms
b. Cell specific killing by type I pneumocytes
c. Alveolar mucociliary action for clearance of microorganisms
d. IgA activation of complement in the alveolar fluid
e. IgM and IgG activation of complement in the alveolar fluid
192.A 56-year-old man presents to his family medicine physician. He is a
41 year pack/day smoker. He reports that he has had a “typical smoker’s
cough” for years; however, the morning cough has turned into a chronic
productive cough with hemoptysis. He has dyspnea, chest pain, cachexia,
increasing dysphonia. He has been treated for 4 respiratory infections in
the past 18 months. Examination of the sputum reveals the presence of
malignant cells confirmed by fine needle aspiration. Imaging reveals a
tumor that is 3 cm in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung parenchyma.
Bronchoscopic evaluation reveals a cavitary lesion of a proximal bronchus.
Surgical resection is completed and the pathologist classifies the tumor as a
T1, N2, MO nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), specifically a squamous
cell carcinoma. Tumor vascularity assessed by bronchial arteriography
(BAG) and immunocytochemistry indicates a highly vascular tumor with
many microvessels. Vascularity of the tumor is inhibited by upregulation of
which of the following?
a. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
b. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
c. Extracellular matrix synthesis
d. Endostatin
e. Periendothelial cell recruitment and proliferation
294 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology