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1.6ArchitecturalDesign 17
1.6 Architectural Design
12 Architecturaldesignmustrespectvariousconstraints:
Functionality:In
uenceof theadoptedstructureon thepurposesforwhich thestructurewas
erected.
Aesthetics: Thearchitectoftenimposeshisaestheticconcernsontheengineer. Thisin turn
canplaceseverelimitationsonthestructuralsystem.
Economy: It shouldbe keptin mindthatthetwo largestcomponents of a structurearelabors
andmaterials.Designcostis comparativelynegligible.
13 Buildingsmay have di erent functions:
Residential: housing,which includeslow-rise(uptp2-3
oors),mid-rise(upto 6-8
oors)
andhighrisebuildings.
Commercial: Oces,retailstores,shoppingcenters,hotels,restaurants.
Industrial: warehouses,manufacturing.
Institutional: Schools,hospitals,prisons,chruch, government buildings.
Special: Towers,stadium,parking,airport,etc.
1.7 StructuralAnalysis
14 Givenanexistingstructuresubjectedto a certainloaddetermineinternalforces(axial,
shear,
exural,torsional;or stresses),de
ections,andverifythatnounstablefailurecanoccur.
15 Thus thebasicstructuralrequirements are:
Strength: stressesshouldnotexceedcriticalvalues: < f
Sti ness:de
ectionsshouldbe controlled:<max
Stability:bucklingor crackingshouldalsobe prevented
1.8 StructuralDesign
16 Givena setof forces,dimensionthestructuralelement.
Steel/wood StructuresSelectappropriatesection.
ReinforcedConcrete: Determinedimensionsof theelement andinternalreinforcement (num-
ber andsizesof reinforcingbars).
17 Fornewstructures,iterativeprocessbetweenanalysisanddesign.A preliminarydesignis
madeusingrulesof thumbs(bestknownto Engineerswithdesignexperience)andanalyzed.
Followingdesign,we check for