space while simultaneously engaging in a
transformative Rogerian revolution in health
care on Earth. One manifestation will surely
be the establishment of autonomous
Rogerian nursing centers here on Earth and
ultimately in space.Bibliography
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January–February, 32–34.166 SECTION III Nursing Theory in Nursing Practice, Education, Research, and Administration
tool, developed by Ference (1986) in her 1979 dis-
sertation, is the Human Field Motion Tool, a se-
mantic differential scale rating two concepts: “my
motor is running” and “my field expansion.”
Barrett (1986, 1990) developed the next tool in
her 1983 dissertation. The power as knowing par-
ticipation in change tool (PKPCT) uses the seman-
tic differential technique to rate the four concepts
of her power theory—awareness, choices, freedom
to act intentionally, and involvement in creating
changes.
Paletta (1990) developed the Temporal Experi-
ence Scales using metaphors to capture the experi-
ences of time dragging, time racing, and
timelessness. Johnston (1994; Watson et al., 1997)
developed the Human Field Image Metaphor Scale
to measure awareness of the infinite wholeness of
the human field. Gueldner (cited in Watson et al.,
1997) developed the Index of Field Energy, com-
posed of 18 pairs of line drawings judged to repre-
sent low and high frequency descriptions of a
concept. Respondents indicate how they feel now
along a seven-point scale. Hastings-Tolsma’s
(Watson et al., 1997) Diversity of Human Field
Pattern Scale explores diverse pattern changes and
personal preferences for participation in change.
Watson’s (Watson et al., 1997) Assessment of
Dream Experience Scale explores dreaming as a
beyond-waking experience. Leddy (1995) devel-
oped the Person-Environment Participation Scale
and the Leddy Healthiness Scale (1996).
Currently, researchers are using Rogerian tools
such as those described, developing new Rogerian
tools, and developing creative, new research meth-
ods. Innovative potentials for promoting the well-
being of people and their environment emerge
daily as nurses apply the knowledge gained through
Rogerian nursing science. Rogers’ challenge has
been eagerly taken up by a community of commit-
ted scholars.
The Science of Unitary Human Beings re-
flects Rogers’ optimism and hope for the fu-
ture. She envisioned humankind poised “on
the threshold of a fantastic and unimagined
future” (Rogers, 1992, p. 33), looking toward