patterning emerging acausally from the human/
environmental mutual process. New concepts
that describe unitary phenomena may be devel-
oped through research. Dispiritedness (Butcher,
1996), power (Barrett, 1983), perceived dissonance
(Bultemeier, 2002), and human field image
(Johnson, 1994; Phillips, 1990b) are examples
of concepts developed through research within
Rogers’ nursing science, while spirituality
(Malinski, 1991, 1994; Woods, 1994), compassion
(Butcher, 2002b), caring (Smith, 1999), and energy
(Leddy, 2003; Todaro-Franceschi, 1999) are exam-
ples of concepts that have been reconceptualizied in
Researchers need to ensure that concepts
and measurement tools used in the inquiry
are defined and conceptualized within a
unitary perspective.a way congruent with Rogers’ principles and postu-
lates. Researchers need to ensure that concepts and
measurement tools used in the inquiry are defined
and conceptualized within a unitary perspective.
MEASUREMENT OF ROGERIAN CONCEPTS
The Human Field Motion Test (HFMT) is an indi-
cator of the continuously moving position and flow
of the human energy field. Two major concepts—
“my motor is running” and “my field expansion”—
are rated using a semantic differential technique
(Ference, 1979). Examples of indicators of higher
human field motion include feeling imaginative, vi-
sionary, transcendent, strong, sharp, bright, and ac-
tive. Indicators of relative low human field motion
include feeling dull, weak, dragging, dark, prag-
matic, and passive. The tool has been widely used in
numerous Rogerian studies.
The Power as Knowing Participation in Change
Tool (PKPCT) has been used in over 26 major re-
search studies (Caroselli & Barrett, 1998) and is a
measure of one’s capacity to participate knowingly
in change as manifested by awareness, choices, free-
dom to act intentionally, and involvement in creat-
ing changes using semantic differential scales.
Statistically significant correlations have been
found between power as measured by the PKPCT
and the following: human field motion, life
satisfaction, spirituality, purpose in life, empathy,
transformational leadership style, feminism, imagi-
nation, and socioeconomic status. Inverse relations
with power have been found with anxiety, chronic
pain, personal distress, and hopelessness (Caroselli
& Barrett, 1998).
A number of new tools have been developed that
are rich sources of measures of concepts congruent
with unitary science. The Human Field Image
Metaphor Scale (HFMIS) used 25 metaphors that
capture feelings of potentiality and integrality rated
on a Likert-type scale. For example, the metaphor
“I feel at one with the universe” reflects a high de-
gree of awareness of integrality; “I feel like a worn-
out shoe” reflects a more restricted perception of
one’s potential (Johnston, 1994; Watson et al.,
1997). Future research may focus on developing an
understanding of how human field image changes
in a variety of health-related situations or how
human field image changes in mutual process with
selected patterning strategies.
Diversity is inherent in the evolution of the
human/environmental mutual field process. The
evolution of the human energy field is character-
ized by the creation of more diverse patterns re-
flecting the nature of change. The Diversity of
Human Field Pattern Scale (DHFPS) measures the
process of diversifying human field pattern and
may also be a useful tool to test theoretical propo-
sitions derived from the postulates and principles
of Rogerian science to examine the extent of se-
lected patterning modalities designed to foster har-
mony and well-being (Hastings-Tolsma, 1992;
Watson et al., 1997). Other measurement tools de-
veloped within and unitary science perspective that
may be used in a wide variety of research studies
and in combination with other Rogerian measure-
ments include:- Assessment of Dream Experience Scale, which
measures the diversity of dream experience as a
beyond-waking manifestation using a 20-item
Likert scale (Watson, 1993; Watson et al., 1997); - Temporal Experience Scale (TES), which meas-
ures the subjective experience of temporal
awareness (Paletta, 1990); - Leddy’s (1995) Person-Environment Participa-
tion Scale, which measures expansiveness and
ease of participation in the continuous human/
environmental mutual field process using se-
mantic differential scales; and - Mutual Exploration of the Healing Human
Field–Environmental Field Relationship Crea-
CHAPTER 13 Applications of Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings 179