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human care and cultural lifeways of different cul-
tures. The enabler serves as a cognitive guide for the
researcher to visualize and reflect on different fac-
tors predicted to influence culturally based care.

The sunrise enabler can also be used as

a valuable guide for doing culturalogical

health-care assessment of clients.

The sunrise enabler can also be used as a valuable

guide for doing culturalogical health-care assess-

ment of clients. As the researcher uses the model,

the different factors alert him or her to discover

culture care phenomena. Gender and sexual ori-

entation, race, class factors, and biomedical con-

dition are studied as part of the theory. These

factors tend to be embedded in the worldview and

in the social structure and take time to discover.

CHAPTER 20 Madeleine M. Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality 317

FIGURE 20–1 Leininger’s sunrise enabler to discover culture care. © M. Leininger 2004.