Food Biochemistry and Food Processing (2 edition)

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BLBS102-c07 BLBS102-Simpson March 21, 2012 11:12 Trim: 276mm X 219mm Printer Name: Yet to Come


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Biocatalysis, Enzyme Engineering and


Biotechnology


G. A. Kotzia, D. Platis, I. A. Axarli, E. G. Chronopoulou, C. Karamitros, and
N. E. Labrou

Preface
Enzyme Structure and Mechanism
Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
Basic Elements of Enzyme Structure
The Primary Structure of Enzyme
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Enzymes
Theory of Enzyme Catalysis and Mechanism
Coenzymes, Prosthetic Groups and Metal Ion Cofactors
Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions
Thermodynamic Analysis
Enzyme Dynamics During Catalysis
Enzyme Production
Enzyme Heterologous Expression
The Choice of Expression System
Bacterial Cells
Mammalian Cells
Yeast
Filamentous Fungi
Insect Cells
Dictyostelium discoideum
Trypanosomatid Protozoa
Transgenic Plants
Transgenic Animals
Enzyme Purification
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography
Enzyme Engineering
Tailor-Made Enzymes by Protein Engineering
Rational Enzyme Design
Directed Enzyme Evolution
Immobilised Enzymes
Methods for Immobilisation
Adsorption
Covalent Coupling
Cross-linking
Entrapment and Encapsulation
New Approaches for Oriented Enzyme Immobilisation:
The Development of Enzyme Arrays

Enzyme Utilisation in Industry
Enzymes Involved in Xenobiotic Metabolism and
Biochemical Individuality
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Acknowledgements
References

Abstract:Enzymes are biocatalysts evolved in nature to achieve
the speed and coordination of nearly all the chemical reactions that
define cellular metabolism necessary to develop and maintain life.
The application of biocatalysis is growing rapidly, since enzymes
offer potential for many exciting applications in industry. The ad-
vent of whole genome sequencing projects enabled new approaches
for biocatalyst development, based on specialised methods for en-
zyme heterologous expression and engineering. The engineering of
enzymes with altered activity, specificity and stability, using site-
directed mutagenesis and directed evolution techniques are now
well established. Over the last decade, enzyme immobilisation has
become important in industry. New methods and techniques for en-
zyme immobilisation allow for the reuse of the catalysts and the
development of efficient biotechnological processes. This chapter
reviews advances in enzyme technology as well as in the techniques
and strategies used for enzyme production, engineering and immo-
bilisation and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.

PREFACE


Enzymes are proteins with powerful catalytic functions. They
increase reaction rates sometimes by as much as one million
fold, but more typically by about one thousand fold. Catalytic
activity can also be shown, to a limited extent, by biological
molecules other than the ‘classical’ enzymes. For example, an-
tibodies raised to stable analogues of the transition states of
a number of enzyme-catalysed reactions can act as effective

Food Biochemistry and Food Processing, Second Edition. Edited by Benjamin K. Simpson, Leo M.L. Nollet, Fidel Toldr ́a, Soottawat Benjakul, Gopinadhan Paliyath and Y.H. Hui.
©C2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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