Food Biochemistry and Food Processing (2 edition)

BLBS102-c04 BLBS102-Simpson March 21, 2012 11:59 Trim: 276mm X 219mm Printer Name: Yet to Come

4 Browning Reactions 61

Table 4.2.Inhibitors and Processes Employed in the Prevention of Enzymic Browning

Inhibition Targeted Toward the Enzyme Inhibition Targeted Toward the Substrate

Processing Enzymes Inhibitors Removal of Oxygen Removal of Phenols

Inhibition Targeted

Toward the Products

Heating

1. Steam and
   water blanching
   (70–105◦C)


2. Pasteurization
   (60–85◦C)

Chelating agents

1. Sodium azide


2. Cyanide


3. Carbon monoxide


4. Halide salts (CaCl 2 ,
   NaCl)


5. Tropolone


6. Ascorbic acid


7. Sorbic acid


8. Polycarboxylic acids
   (citric, malic, tartaric,
   oxalic, and succinic
   acids)


9. Polyphosphates (ATP
   and pyrophosphate)


10. Macromolecules (por-
    phyrins, proteins,
    polysaccharides)


11. EDTA


12. Kojic acid

Processing

1. Vaccum treatment


2. Immersion in water,
   syrup, brine

Complexing agents

1. Cyclodextrins


2. Sulphate polysac-
   charides


3. Chitosan

Reducing agents

1. Sulphites(SO 2 ,
   SO 32 −,HSO 3 −,
   S 2 O 52 −)


2. Ascorbic acid and
   analogs


3. Cysteine and other
   thiol compounds

Cooling

1. Refrigeration


2. Freezing (− 18 ◦C)

Aromatic carboxylic acids

1. Benzoic acids


2. Cinnamic acids

Reducing agents

1. Ascorbic acid


2. Erythorbic acid


3. Butylated hydrox-
   yanisole (BHA)


4. Butylated hydroxy-
   toluene (BTH)


5. Tertiarybutyl hy-
   droxyquinone


6. Propyl gallate

Enzymatic modification

1. O-methyltransferase


2. Protocatechuate 3,
   4-dioxigenase

Amino acids, peptides,

and proteins

Dehydration Aliphatic alcohol Chitosan

Physical methods

1. Freeze drying


2. Spray drying


3. Radiative drying


4. Solar drying


5. Microwave drying

Chemical methods

1. Sodium chloride
   and other salts


2. Sucrose and other
   sugars


3. Glycerol


4. Propylene glycol


5. Modified corn syrup

Peptides and amino acids

Maltol

Irradiation

1. Gamma rays up to
   1 kGy (Cobalt 60 or
   Cesium 137)


2. X-rays


3. Electron beams


4. Combined treat-
   ments using irradia-
   tion and heat

Substituted resorcinols

(Continued)