Nursing Diagnoses in Psychiatric Nursing Care Plans and Psychotropic Medications

(^220) 2. Psychosocial a. c. b.^ ●people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and of substance abuse and dependence in relatives of indi-viduals with bulimia nervosa (APA, 2000). studies have reported a higher than expected frequency of Neuroendocrine Abnormalities: antagonist.occurred regarding a primary hypothalamic dysfunction in anorexia nervosa. Studies consistent with this theory have revealed elevated cerebrospinal flPsychodynamicand a possible impairment of dopaminergic regulation in mood disorders among fithe disorder than among the general population. Several Neurochemical Inflshown to gain weight when given naloxone, an opioid & Sadock, 2007). Some of these individuals have been chemicals may contribute to denial of hunger (Sadock bulimia may be associated with the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. This hypothesis has been supported by the positive response these individuals have shown to therapy with the selective serotonin reup-take inhibitors (SSRIs). Some studies have found high levels of endogenous opioids in the spinal flents with anorexia, promoting the speculation that these individuals with anorexia (Halmi, 2008).^ ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION Factors Theory uences: : The psychodynamic theory sug- rst-degree biological relatives of Neurochemical inflSome speculation has uid cortisol levels uid of cli- uences in
2506_Ch12_218-235.indd Sec1:220 2506 Ch 12 218 - 235 .indd S b. ec 1 :body image. When events occur that threaten the vulner-able ego, feelings emerge of lack of control over one’s body (self ). Behaviors associated with food and eating provide feelings of control over one’s life.a developmental arrest in the very early years of childhood Familycaused by disturbances in mother-infant interactions. The tasks of trust, autonomy, and separation-individuation go unfulficontrol becomes the overriding factor in the family of the individual with an eating disorder. These families often consist of a passive father, a domineering mother, and an overly dependent child. A high value is placed on perfec-tionism in this family, and the child feels he or she must satisfy these standards. Parental criticism promotes an increase in obsessive and perfectionistic behavior on the gests that behaviors associated with eating disorders refldent position. Ego development is retarded. The problem is compounded when the mother responds to the child’s physical and emotional needs with food. Manifestations include a disturbance in body identity and a distortion in 220 Dynamics lled, and the individual remains in the depen-: This theory proposes that the issue of ect 1 10/1/10 9:35:59 AM 0 / 1 / 10 9 : 35 : 59 AM