12–15+ years Formal 2–6 yearsBirth–6–12 years2 yearsPIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTPreopera-Concrete Sensorimotor With increased mobility and operationstionaloperations Learning to think and reason in Learning to express self with Learning to apply logic to reasoning expand and are ity of logical thinking and testing hypotheses; capabil-abstract terms; making and standing of symbolic ges-increased socialization and language; develops under-evolvesthinking; development of understanding of reversibil-ity and spatiality; learning to differentiate and classify; tures; achievement of object application of rulesity to form mental images nence emerges as the abil-concept of object perma-external environment; the of self as separate from the awareness, develops a sense permanence
I. Preconventional(common from ages 4 to 10 years)KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT2. Instrumental 1. Punishment and obedience orientationrelativist orientationrefiachieved ned; cognitive maturity Behavior is moti-Behavior is punishmentvated by fear of motivated by egocentrism and concern for self542 ●^ APPENDIX A
2 2506_Appendix_A_538-544.indd 1542 506 _AppendixA 538 - 544 .indd 1542 10/1/10 9:29:51 AM 10 / 1 / 10 9 : 29 : 51 AM