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Figure 8.14 Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Retroactive and proactive interference can both influence memory.
The Structure of LTM: Categories, Prototypes, and Schemas
Memories that are stored in LTM are not isolated but rather are linked together into categories—
networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other. Forming
categories, and using categories to guide behavior, is a fundamental part of human nature.
Associated concepts within a category are connected through spreading activation, which occurs
when activating one element of a category activates other associated elements. For instance,
because tools are associated in a category, reminding people of the word “screwdriver” will help
them remember the word “wrench.” And, when people have learned lists of words that come
from different categories (e.g., as in Note 8.33 "Retrieval Demonstration"), they do not recall the