Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing The Art and Science of Nursing Care

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ANSWER KEY 353

Theorist and Theory Basic Concepts of Theory Stages of Development

EXAMPLE

Sigmund Freud Stressed the impact of instinctual drives Oral stage

Psychoanalytic theory on determining behavior: Unconscious mind, Anal stage

the id, the ego, the superego, stages of Phallic stage

development based on sexual motivation. Latent stage

Genital stage

Eric Erikson Based on Freud, expanded to include Trust vs. mistrust

Psychosocial theory cultural and social influences in addition Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

to biologic processes: Initiative vs. guilt

(1) stages of development, Industry vs. inferiority

(2) developmental goals or tasks, Identity vs. role confusion

(3) psychosocial crises, Intimacy vs. isolation

(4) process of coping Generativity vs. stagnation

Ego integrity vs. despair

Robert J. Havighurst Living and growing are based on learning; Infancy and early childhood

Developmental tasks person must continually learn to adjust to Middle childhood

changing social conditions, developmental Adolescence

tasks Young adulthood

Middle adulthood

Later maturity

Jean Piaget Learning occurs as result of internal Sensorimotor stage

Cognitive development organization of an event, which forms Preoperational stage

a mental schemata and serves as a base for Concrete operational stage

further schemata as one grows and develops. Formal operational stage

Lawrence Kohlberg Levels closely follow Piaget’s; preconventional Preconventional level

Moral development level, conventional level, postconventional Stage 1: punishment and

level; moral development influenced by cultural obedience orientation

effects on perceptions of justice or interpersonal Stage 2: instrumental

relationships relativist orientation

conventional level

Stage 3: “good boy–

good girl” orientation

Stage 4: “law and order”

orientation

Postconventional level

Stage 5: social contract,

utilitarian orientation

Stage 6: universal ethical

principle orientation

Carol Gilligan Conception of morality from female point of Level 1—selfishness

Moral development view (ethic of care); selfishness, goodness, Level 2—goodness

nonviolence; female: morality of response and Level 3—nonviolence

care; male: morality of justice.

James Fowler Theory of spiritual identity of humans; faith is Intuitive–projective faith

Faith development reason one finds life worth living; six stages Mythical–literal faith

of faith. Synthetic–conventional faith

Individuative–reflective faith

Conjunctive faith

Universalizing faith

SHORT ANSWER

1.See table below.

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