Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing The Art and Science of Nursing Care

2. a.Feeding
   b.Bathing and hygiene
   c. Dressing and grooming
   d.Toileting
   3.Bathing/Hygiene Deficit related to mother’s lack of
   knowledge about bathing infants. The mother
   must be educated on the proper method of bathing
   her infant. She should be made aware of the need
   for good hygiene for her baby, and a bath should
   be demonstrated with a return demonstration.
   Investigate whether the mother has the financial
   means to buy the materials necessary for her
   baby’s hygiene (shampoo, oil, powder, diaper rash
   ointment, etc.).


3. a.Early morning care: The patient should be
   assisted with toileting and provided comfort
   measures designed to refresh the patient and pre-
   pare him/her for breakfast. The face and hands
   should be washed and mouth care provided.
   b.Morning care: After breakfast, the nurse offers
   assistance with toileting, oral care, bathing,
   back massage, special skin care measures, hair
   care, cosmetics, dressing, and positioning. Bed
   linens are refreshed or changed.
   c. Afternoon care: The nurse should ensure the
   patient’s comfort after lunch and offer
   assistance with toileting, handwashing, and
   oral care to nonambulatory patients.
   d.Hour of sleep care: The nurse again offers assis-
   tance with toileting, washing of face and hands,
   and oral care. A back massage helps the patient
   relax and fall asleep. Soiled bed linens or cloth-
   ing should be changed and the patient
   positioned comfortably.
   e.As-needed care: The nurse offers individual
   hygiene measures as needed. Some patients
   require oral care every 2 hours. Patients who are
   diaphoretic may need their clothing or linens
   changed several times a shift.
   5.Answers may include: Bathing cleanses the skin,
   acts as a conditioner, relaxes a restless person, pro-
   motes circulation, serves as musculoskeletal exer-
   cise, stimulates the rate and depth of respirations,
   promotes comfort, provides sensory input, improves
   self-esteem, and strengthens the nurse–patient rela-
   tionship.
   6.Provide the patient with articles for bathing and a
   basin of water that is at a comfortable temperature;
   place these items conveniently for the patient.
   Provide privacy for the patient; remove top linens
   on patient’s bed and replace with a bath blanket.
   Place cosmetics in a convenient place with a mir-
   ror and light, and supply hot water and a razor for
   a patient who wishes to shave. Assist patients who
   cannot bathe themselves completely.


4. a.A towel bath can be accomplished with little
   fatigue to the patient.
   b.The towel remains warm during the short
   procedure.

c. Patients state that they feel clean and refreshed.

d.The oil in the bathing solution eliminates dry,

itchy skin.

8. a.A back rub acts as a body conditioner.
   b.Giving a back rub provides an opportunity for
   the nurse to observe the skin for signs of break-
   down.
   c. A back rub improves circulation and provides a
   means of communication with the patient
   through the use of touch.


9. a.Ventilation: It is wise to air the room when the
   patient is away for a diagnostic or therapeutic
   procedure to remove pathogens and unpleasant
   odors associated with body secretions and
   excretions.
   b.Odors: Odors can be controlled by promptly
   emptying bedpans, urinals, and emesis basins
   and by being careful not to dispose of soiled
   dressings or anything with a strong odor in the
   waste receptacle in the patient’s room. Deodor-
   izers may be needed.
   c. Room temperature: Whenever possible, patient
   preference should be followed regarding room
   temperature. In general, the temperature should
   be 20to 23C.
   d.Lighting and noise: The nurse should reduce
   harsh lighting and noises whenever possible.
   Conversations should not be carried on imme-
   diately outside the patient’s room.
   10.Sample answers:
   a.Rinse off soaps or detergents well when they are
   used for cleaning the skin.
   b.Add moisture to the air through a humidifier.
   c. Increase fluid intake.
   d.Use an emollient after cleansing the skin.


10. a.Lips: Color, moisture, lumps, ulcers, lesions,
    and edema
    b.Buccal mucosa: Color, moisture, lesions,
    nodules, and bleeding
    c. Gums: Lesions, bleeding, edema, and exudate;
    loose or missing teeth
    d.Tongue: Color, symmetry, movement, texture,
    and lesions
    e.Hard and soft palates: Intactness, color, patches,
    lesions, and petechiae
    f. Eye: Position, alignment, and general
    appearance; presence of lesions, nodules,
    redness, swelling, crusting, flaking, excessive
    tearing, or discharge; color of conjunctivae;
    blink reflex; and visual acuity
    g.Ear: Position, alignment, and general
    appearance; buildup of wax; dryness, crusting,
    discharge, or foreign body; and hearing acuity
    h.Nose: Position and general appearance; patency
    of nostrils; presence of tenderness, dryness,
    edema, bleeding, and discharge or secretions


11. a.Eye: Clean the eye from the inner canthus to
    the outer canthus using a wet, warm washcloth;
    cotton ball; or compress to soften crusted secre-
    tions. Avoid cross-contamination.

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