Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing The Art and Science of Nursing Care

SHORT ANSWER

1.Nitrogen balance is a comparison between catabo-

lism and anabolism and can be measured by com-

paring nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion.

When catabolism and anabolism are occurring at

the same rate, as in healthy adults, the body is in a

state of neutral nitrogen balance.

2. a.Saturated fatty acids: Cannot bind additional
   hydrogen atoms (i.e., their carbon bonds are all
   saturated). Example: animal fats. Saturated fats
   raise cholesterol.
   b.Unsaturated fatty acids: Have one or more dou-
   ble bonds between carbon atoms. When double
   bonds are broken, carbons can bind with addi-
   tional hydrogen atoms. Example: vegetable fats.
   Unsaturated fats lower serum cholesterol levels.


3. a.Certain age groups: Infants, adolescents,
   pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly
   b.Smoking, alcohol abuse, and long-term use of
   certain medications
   c. Chronic illnesses
   d.Poor appetite


4. a.Infancy: The period from birth to 1 year of age
   is the most rapid period of growth. Nutritional
   needs per unit of body weight are greater than
   at any other time in the life cycle.

b.Toddlers and preschoolers. During this stage,

the decrease in growth is dramatic. Mobility,

autonomy, and coordination increase, as do

muscle mass and bone density. This age group

develops an attitude toward food. Appetite

decreases and becomes erratic.

c. School-aged children: Nutritional implications

focus on health promotion. Increasing energy

requirements should be balanced with foods of

high nutritional value. The appetite improves

but may still be irregular.

d.Adolescents: Nutrient needs increase to support

growth. Weight consciousness becomes

compulsive in 1 of 100 teenage girls and results

in an eating disorder.

e.Adults: Growth ceases, and nutritional needs

level off.

f. Pregnant women: Nutrient needs increase to

support growth and maintain maternal homeo-

stasis, particularly during the second and third

trimesters. Caloric needs are higher for lactation

than pregnancy.

g.Older adults: Because of the decreases in BMR

and physical activity and loss of lean body

mass, energy expenditure decreases. The calorie

needs of the body decrease.

5.See table below.

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing:

ANSWER KEY 395

Nutrient Function Recommended %

a.Carbohydrates Supply energy (4 cal/g); also spares protein, 50%–60%

helps burn fat efficiently, and prevents ketosis

b.Proteins Maintain body tissues; support new tissue 10%–20%

growth; component of body framework

c.Fats Important component of cell membranes; Saturated 10%

synthesis of bile acids; precursor of steroid Unsaturated 35%

hormones and vitamin D; most concentrated

source of energy (9 cal/g); aids in absorption of

fat-soluble vitamins; provides insulation, structure,

and body temperature control.

d.Vitamins Metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat

e.Minerals Key components of body structures; regulation

of body processes

f.Water Essential for all biochemical reactions; participates 2,000–3,000 mL/day

in many biochemical reactions; helps regulate

body temperature, helps lubricate body joints;

needed for adequate mucous secretions

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