INDEXpaintings 112, 130, 149–50; see also art
Paithan 9, 66, 96
Pakistan 30, 33, 49, 282, 294–5, 330
China and 324, 326
conflict with 295, 302, 319–20, 325–7;
operation ‘Grand Slam’ 323–5
Soviet Union and 324–5
United States and 325–6, 328–9
Vietnam and 329
see also Bangladesh; partition
Pakistan National Movement 283
Palam 220
Palas (dynasty) 106–7, 111–13, 115, 149, 172
Palembang 147, 149
Pali language 92, 144
Pallavas (dynasty) 9, 92, 98–9, 105–6, 108,
113–16, 118, 132, 146, 148
Pan-Chao (Chinese general) 76
Panantaran temple 150
Panchalas (people) 44, 49–50, 82
Pandavas (people) 44–5
Pandharpur 136
Pandyamandala 9
Pandyas (dynasty) 9
in ancient empires 63, 93–4, 98–9, 101
in middle ages 105–6, 108–9, 114–15, 119,
136, 160
Panguraria 65–6
Panini (linguist) 52
Panipat, battles at 185–6, 214–16
Panjab 37
in ancient empires 51, 59, 71, 78, 90
freedom movement and 266–7, 276, 278
in late middle ages 153, 157–9
partition and 283–7, 291–3
in republic 303, 307–8, 310
under British 222, 249–50, 254
Panjab Accord 310
Paramaras (dynasty) 110, 129, 179
Paratanka (king of Cholas) 115
pariksha (governor) 175
Parsis in Bombay 248
Parthians (people) 69–72, 75–6, 78–80, 114
parties see political parties
partition
Cabinet mission scheme 288–90
Jinnah, Rahmat Ali and idea of Pakistan
283–5
Lahore resolution and two nations theory
285–6
Operation Mountbatten and ‘Plan
Balkan’ 290–3
Simla conference 286–8
Parvati (goddess) 136
Pataligrama 54
Pataliputra/Patna 10–11, 48, 54, 56, 59, 63,
66, 68, 70–1, 81–2, 95, 105–6, 112, 228, 335
Patel, Vallabhbhai 265, 278, 294–7, 299
Patna see Pataliputra
Patna-Bolangir 111
Pauravas (tribe) 57
pearl trade 93, 100–1, 119
peasants, absconding 229–31
pepper trade 101–2, 198–200
Periplus (text) 70, 100–2
Periya Puranam (text) 132–3
Persia 11, 20, 119, 152, 155, 166–7
ancient empires and 53–4, 58, 69, 80, 90–1
and Mughal empire 184, 186–78, 191,
196–7, 201
Persian language 73, 184, 195, 235
Peshawar 76
Peshwas 196–7, 215–17, 221, 236, 238
Pethick-Lawrence, Lord 287–8
phases of development
of early state 55
of regional kingdoms 123–4
Philip II (king of Spain) 200
philosophy
emergence of 45–6
new forms in early middle ages 130–2
synthesis 138–9
Pigot, Lord (governor) 217
pilgrimage 63, 133–4, 137–40, 142
‘Pillar, Goddess of 126
piracy and robbers 199, 204, 208, 212
Pires, Tome 199
Pitt, W. 214, 228, 238
‘Plan Balkan’ 290–3, 205–6, 301
Plassey, battle of 213, 215
plays see literature
Pliny 76, 96
Plutarch 71
Poduka 101
poetry see literature
Polemaios, Shri 101
political
consolidation under Guptas 88–9
parties: British 259–61, 263, 265, 278–9;
Indian 269, 277, 299–300
system of Arthashastra 60–2
Polo, Marco 99
Pondicherry 101, 206, 211, 263
population density, regional patterns of 13–15
Poros (king of Pauravas) 57
Portuguese 151, 171, 179, 181–2
Goa liberated from 323
and Mughals 197–203
Prabhavatigupta (wife of Rudrasena II) 85
Pradyota (king of Ujjain) 55
Prakrit language 78, 92, 142
Prasad, Rajendra 265, 278, 299
Prataparudra (king of Orissa) 174
Pratihara clan 110; see also Gurjara
Pratiharas