causation 76, 81±6, 116
chance, loss of 81
children
capacity to consent 102±3, 200, 215
clinical research 258, 259, 264±5
critical illness 194, 195±202
unbornseefetuses
civil justice system 9, 11±12
clinical research 255±7, 264, 268±9
Woolf reforms 65±7
civil liability
battery 103, 104, 255
consent to treatment 79±80, 103±16, 117
negligenceseenegligence, legal
perspective
clinical audit 236±8
clinical effectiveness 232, 238, 244±5, 246
clinical governance 69±70, 224±5, 240±41
best practice 231±2, 245±6
care pathways 226, 232
CHI 227, 233, 248
clinical audit 236±8
clinical guidelines 232, 245±7
controls assurance 70, 231
dimensions 226±7
effectiveness 232, 238, 242±5, 246
elements 228
lifelong learning 236, 250
malpractice 249±50
monitoring 240±41, 248±50
National Framework for Assessing
Performance 234±5
NationalServiceFrameworks227,233±4,
241, 247
near-miss reporting 248±9
NHS Plan 235±6
NICE 227, 232, 241, 244±5
practical effects 245±7
principles 225±6
processes 226
professional self-regulation 236, 249±50
risk 229±30
risk management 229, 230±31, 247,
248±9
risk modification 230
standard setting 240, 241±5
values 242±5, 246±7
clinical guidelines 232, 245±7
clinical negligenceseenegligence
Clinical Negligence Pre-Action Protocol
65±7
Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts
2CNST) 64, 70
clinical research, ethical perspective 278
consent 126, 282, 283±4
nursing ethics sources 278±80
recruitment 283±4
research design 280±81
research governance 283
research staff competence 282±3
research±care role conflict 284±5
supervision 283
clinical research, legal perspective 252±3
access to research 268
children 258, 259, 264±5
civil law 255±7, 264, 268±9
compensation for harm 269
conflicts of interest 267
consent to 255±6, 257±61, 264, 265±6
criminal law 255
deception 264
definition 253
ethical review 261±4, 267
fraud 264
human tissue 260±61
inducements 267
international declarations 254
investigator±subject relations 257±8
medical students 266±7
mentally incapacitated adults 265±6
nursing students 266±7
personal information 258, 260, 261
placebos 260
politicisation 268
power imbalances 257±8
pregnant women 267±8
randomised control trials 258±60
regulation 254±61, 271
research ethics committees 261±3, 267
research review 268±9
therapeutic/non-therapeutic dichotomy
253, 268
vulnerable subjects 257±8, 259, 264±9
xenotransplantation 269±71
clinicalriskmanagement2CRM)247,248±9
clinical trial certificates 2CTCs) 257
clinical trials, value judgements 243±4
seealsoclinical research
Code of Practice 2UKCC) 15, 96, 98
Code of Professional Conduct 2UKCC) 33
compliance with orders 96±7
confidentiality 144, 147296 Index