NOTES, BOOK 221. 4. 1’3
for norse ; 3) whether the identity is preserved or not is a question
of degree; a state may be more or less the same, like the English
consti:ution, and yet be continuous in the course of ages. Aris-
to;le nould have done better to have solved this question by
having recourse once more to the different senses of the word
~XLS ($ 4). Cp. iv. 5. $^3 ; V. 1. $ 8.
flrcp ydp brt Kotvovh TLS 4 sSXts, iurt 62 rotvwvia soXir~v s&rckas, 3. 7.
yrvop+ &;pas r4 c%i Kai Gia+cpo;uqs rjs xoXirclas aiuaymiov &IC
,ygClCv Bv KaI T+ s6Xiv 2vaa pi T+ ah+.
*For a state being a community, and a community of citizens
being a community in a constitution, iurt 62 Korvuvia xo~t~v Kotvovia
?ioh,~da~, nhen the form of this community changes, the state also
changes ’ : or, if this construction is deemed harsh soXarcim, may be
thought to have crept in from the next line, and may be omitted as
in the English text.
The particle yhp implies assent to the second alternative (supra).
The sailor besides his speciai duties has a general duty, which 4. I, 2.
is the safety of the ship; the citizen has also a general duty,
which is the salvation of the state-the nature of this duty will
vary according to the character of the state. And besides the
general duty citizens, like sailors, will have special duties and
functions in the state, as in the ship.’
06 piv dhXh Ka‘r Karl ahhov rpdrov hi Granopotimas irrc)l$r;v TAV a6rAv 4. 4.
Xdyov REP; $s bpi~~qs ROALTE~S.
The last words are an explanation of rar’ nYhXov rphnov.
Two conceptions of the state are continually recurring in the
Politics of Aristotle, first the ideal state, in which the best has a
right to rule and all the citizens are good men : secondly, the
constitutional state, which approaches more nearly to actual fact
(ii. 2. In the first, the good man and the
good citizen, or rather the good ruler, are said to coincide ; in the
second, they have a good deal in common, but still the virtue of
the citizen is relative to the government under which he lives, and
the occupation in which he is engaged.
These two points of view are apt to cross (isaXXdrreiv in Aris-
totle’s own language), and they appear to be here confused.
YOL. 11.
6 ; vii. 14. $1 2-5).
I